Encyclopedia

Nobel Prizes
YearPeaceChemistryPhysicsPhysiology or MedicineLiterature
1901
J. H. Dunant;
Frédéric Passy
J. H. van't HoffW. C. RoentgenE. A. von BehringR. F. A. Sully-Prudhomme
1902
Élie Ducommun;
C. A. Gobat
Emil Fischer
H. A. Lorentz;
Pieter Zeeman
Sir Ronald RossTheodor Mommsen
1903Sir William R. CremerS. A. Arrhenius
A. H. Becquerel;
Pierre Curie;
Marie S. Curie
N. R. FinsenBjørnstjerne Bjørnson
1904Institute of International LawSir William RamsayJ. W. S. RayleighIvan P. Pavlov
Frédéric Mistral;
José Echegaray
1905Baroness Bertha von SuttnerAdolf von BaeyerPhilipp LenardRobert KochHenryk Sienkiewicz
1906Theodore RooseveltHenri MoissanSir Joseph Thomson
Camillo Golgi;
S. Ramón y Cajal
Giosuè Carducci
1907
E. T. Moneta;
Louis Renault
Eduard BuchnerA. A. MichelsonC. I. A. LaveranRudyard Kipling
1908
K. P. Arnoldson;
Fredrik Bajer
Sir Ernest RutherfordGabriel Lippman
Paul Ehrlich;
Élie Metchnikoff
R. C. Eucken
1909
Auguste Beernaert;
P. H. B. Estournelles de Constant
Wilhelm Ostwald
Guglielmo Marconi;
K. F. Braun
Emil T. KocherSelma Lagerlöf
1910International Peace BureauOtto WallachJ. D. van der WaalsAlbrecht KosselPaul Heyse
1911
T. M. C. Asser;
A. H. Fried
Marie S. CurieWilhelm WienAllvar GullstrandMaurice Maeterlinck
1912Elihu Root
Victor Grignard;
Paul Sabatier
N. G. DalenAlexis CarrelGerhart Hauptmann
1913Henri La FontaineAlfred WernerHeike Kamerlingh OnnesC. R. RichetSir Rabindranath Tagore
1914T. W. RichardsMax von LaueRobert Barany
1915Richard Willstätter
Sir William H. Bragg;
Sir William L. Bragg
Romain Rolland
1916Verner von Heidenstam
1917International Red CrossC. G. Barkla
K. A. Gjellerup;
Henrik Pontoppidan
1918Fritz HaberMax Planck
1919Woodrow WilsonJohannes StarkJules BordetC. F. G. Spitteler
1920Léon BourgeoisWalther NernstC. E. GuillaumeS. A. S. KroghKnut Hamsum
1921
Hjalmar Branting;
C. L. Lange
Frederick SoddyAlbert EinsteinAnatole France
1922Fridtjof NansenF. W. AstonN. H. D. Bohr
A. V. Hill;
Otto Meyerhof
Jacinto Benavente y Martinez
1923Fritz PreglRobert A. Millikan
Sir Frederick G. Banting;
J. J. R. Macleod
W. B. Yeats
1924K. M. G. SiegbahnWillem EinthovenW. S. Reymont
1925
Sir Austen Chamberlain;
Charles G. Dawes
Richard Zsigmondy
James Franck;
Gustav Hertz
G. B. Shaw
1926
Aristide Briand;
Gustav Stresemann
Theodor SvedbergJ. B. PerrinJohannes FibigerGrazia Deledda
1927
F. É. Buisson;
Ludwig Quidde
Heinrich Wieland
A. H. Compton;
C. T. R. Wilson
Julius Wagner-JaureggHenri Bergson
1928Adolf WindausSir Owen W. RichardsonC. J. H. NicolleSigrid Undset
1929Frank B. Kellogg
Sir Arthur Harden;
Hans von Euler-Chelpin
L. V. de Broglie
Christian Eijkman;
Sir Frederick G. Hopkins
Thomas Mann
1930Nathan SöderblomHans FischerSir Chandrasekhara V. RamanKarl LandsteinerSinclair Lewis
1931
Jane Addams;
Nicholas Murray Butler
Carl Bosch;
Friedrich Bergius
Otto H. WarburgE. A. Karlfeldt
1932Irving LangmuirWerner Heisenberg
E. D. Adrian;
Sir Charles Sherrington
John Galsworthy
1933Sir Norman Angell
P. A. M. Dirac;
Erwin Schrödinger
Thomas H. MorganI. A. Bunin
1934Arthur HendersonHarold C. Urey
G. H. Whipple;
G. R. Minot;
W. P. Murphy
Luigi Pirandello
1935Carl von Ossietzky
Frédéric Joliot-Curie;
Irène Joliot-Curie
Sir James ChadwickHans Spemann
1936Carlos Saavedra LamasP. J. W. Debye
C. D. Anderson;
V. F. Hess
Sir Henry H. Dale;
Otto Loewi
Eugene O'Neill
1937E. A. R. Cecil, Viscount Cecil of Chelwood
Sir Walter N. Haworth;
Paul Karrer
C. J. Davisson;
Sir George P. Thomson
Albert von Szent-GyorgyiRoger Martin du Gard
1938Nansen International Office for RefugeesRichard KuhnEnrico FermiCorneille HeymansPearl S. Buck
1939
Adolf Butenandt;
Leopold Ruzicka
E. O. LawrenceGerhard DomagkF. E. Sillanpää
1940
1941
1942
1943Georg von HevesyOtto Stern
E. A. Doisy;
Henrik Dam
1944International Red CrossOtto HahnI. I. Rabi
Joseph Erlanger;
H. S. Gasser
J. V. Jensen
1945Cordell HullA. I. VirtanenWolfgang Pauli
Sir Alexander Fleming;
E. B. Chain;
Sir Howard W. Florey
Gabriela Mistral
1946
J. R. Mott;
Emily G. Balch
J. B. Sumner;
J. H. Northrop;
W. M. Stanley
P. W. BridgmanH. J. MullerHermann Hesse
1947American Friends Service Committee and Friends Service CouncilSir Robert RobinsonSir Edward V. Appleton
C. F. Cori;
Gerty T. Cori;
B. A. Houssay
André Gide
1948Arne TiseliusP. M. S. BlackettPaul H. MüllerT. S. Eliot
1949John Boyd Orr, Baron Boyd OrrW. F. GiauqueHideki Yukawa
W. R. Hess;
Egas Moniz
William Faulkner
1950Ralph J. Bunche
Otto Diels;
Kurt Alder
C. F. Powell
Philip S. Hench;
Edward C. Kendall;
Tadeus Reichstein
Bertrand Russel, Earl Russell
1951Léon Jouhaux
Edwin M. McMillan;
Glenn T. Seaborg
Sir John D. Cockcroft;
Ernest T. S. Walton
Max TheilerPär F. Lagerkvist
1952Albert Schweitzer
A. J. P. Martin;
R. L. M. Synge
Felix Bloch;
E. M. Purcell
S. A. WaksmanFrançois Mauriac
1953George C. MarshallHermann StaudingerFrits Zernike
F. A. Lipmann;
Sir Hans A. Krebs
Sir Winston L. S. Churchill
1954Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for RefugeesLinus C. Pauling
Max Born;
Walther Bothe
J. F. Enders;
F. C. Robbins;
T. H. Weller
Ernest Hemingway
1955Vincent du Vigneaud
Willis E. Lamb, Jr.;
Polykarp Kusch
A. H. T. TheorellHalldór K. Laxness
1956
Sir Cyril N. Hinshelwood;
Nikolai N. Semenov
W. B. Shockley;
W. H. Brattain;
John Bardeen
D. W. Richards, Jr.;
A. F. Cournand;
Werner Forssmann
Juan Ramón Jiménez
1957Lester B. PearsonSir Alexander R. Todd
Tsung-Dao Lee;
Chen Ning Yang
Daniele BovetAlbert Camus
1958Georges Henri PireFrederick Sanger
P. A. Cherenkov;
Igor Y. Tamm;
Ilya M. Frank
Joshua Lederberg;
G. W. Beadle;
E. I. Tatum
Boris L. Pasternak
1959Philip J. Noel-BakerJaroslav Heyrovsky
Emilio Segrè;
Owen Chamberlain
Severo Ochoa;
Arthur Kornberg
Salvatore Quasimodo
1960Albert J. LuthuliW. F. LibbyD. A. Glaser
Sir Macfarlane Burnet;
P. B. Medawar
St.-John Perse
1961Dag HammarskjöldMelvin Calvin
Robert Hofstadter;
R. L. Moessbauer
Georg von BekesyIvo Andrić
1962Linus C. Pauling
M. F. Perutz;
J. C. Kendrew
L. D. Landau
J. D. Watson;
F. H. C. Crick;
M. H. F. Wilkins
John Steinbeck
1963
International Committee of the Red Cross;
League of Red Cross Societies
Giulio Natta;
Karl Ziegler
Eugene Paul Wigner;
Maria Goeppert Mayer;
J. Hans D. Jensen
Sir John Carew Eccles;
Alan Lloyd Hodgkin;
Andrew Fielding Huxley
George Seferis
1964Martin Luther King, Jr.Dorothy Mary Crowfoot Hodgkin
Charles Hard Townes;
Nikolai Gennadiyevich Basov;
Aleksandr Mikhailovich Prokhorov
Konrad E. Bloch;
Feodor Lynen
Jean-Paul Sartre
1965United Nations International Children's Emergency FundRobert Burns Woodward
Richard Phillips Feynman;
Shinichiro Tomonaga;
Julian Seymour Schwinger
François Jacob;
André Lwoff;
Jacques Monod
M. A. Sholokhov
1966Robert S. MullikenAlfred Kastler
Francis Peyton Rous;
Charles Brenton Huggins
S. Y. Agnon;
Nelly Sachs
1967
Manfred Eigen;
Ronald George Wreyford Norrish;
George Porter
Hans Albrecht Bethe
Ragnar Granit;
Haldan Keffer Hartline;
George Wald
Miguel Angel Asturias
1968René CassinLars OnsagerLuis W. Alvarez
Robert W. Holley;
H. Gobind Khorana;
Marshall W. Nirenberg
Yasunari Kawabata
1969International Labor Organization
Derek H. R. Barton;
Odd Hassel
Murray Gell-Mann
Max Delbrück;
Alfred D. Hershey;
Salvador B. Luria
Samuel Beckett
1970Norman E. BorlaugLuis Federico Leloir
Louis Eugène Néel;
Hans Olof Alfven
Julius Axelrod;
Bernard Katz;
Ulf von Euler
Alexandr I. Solzhenitsyn
1971Willy BrandtGerhard HerzbergDennis GaborEarl W. SutherlandPablo Neruda
1972
Stanford Moore;
William Howard Stein;
Christian B. Anfinsen
John Bardeen;
Leon N. Cooper;
John Robert Schrieffer
Gerald M. Edelman;
Rodney R. Porter
Heinrich Böll
1973
Henry A. Kissinger;
Le Duc Tho
Ernst Otto Fischer;
Geoffrey Wilkinson
Leo Esaki;
Ivar Giaever;
Brian D. Josephson
Konrad Lorenz;
Nikolaas Tinbergen;
Karl von Frisch
Patrick White
1974
Sean MacBride;
Eisaku Sato
Paul J. Flory
Martin Ryle;
Antony Hewish
Albert Claude;
George Emil Palade;
Christian de Duve
Eyvind Johnson;
Harry Martinson
1975Andrei D. Sakharov
John Warcup Cornforth;
Vladimir Prelog
Aage N. Bohr;
Ben Roy Mottelson;
James Rainwater
David Baltimore;
Renato Dulbecco;
Howard M. Temin
Eugenio Montale
1976
Mairead Corrigan;
Betty Williams
WIlliam Nunn Lipscomb
Burton Richter;
Samuel Chao Chung Ting
Baruch Samuel Blumberg;
Daniel Carleton Gajdusek
Saul Bellow
1977Amnesty InternationalIlya Prigogine
Philip W. Anderson;
Sir Nevill F. Mott;
John H. Van Vleck
Rosalyn S. Yalow;
Roger C. L. Guillemin;
Andrew V. Schally
Vicente Aleixandre
1978
Menachem Begin;
Anwar al-Sadat
Peter Mitchell
Peter Kapitza;
Arno A. Penzias;
Robert W. Wilson
Werner Arber;
Daniel Nathans;
Hamilton O. Smith
Isaac Bashevis Singer
1979Mother Teresa
Herbert C. Brown;
Georg Wittig
Steven Weinberg;
Sheldon L. Glashow;
Abdus Salam
Allan Macleod Cormack;
Godfrey Newbold Hounsfield
Odysseus Elytis
1980Adolfo Pérez Esquivel
Paul Berg;
Walter Gilbert;
Frederick Sanger
James W. Cronin;
Val L. Fitch
Baruj Benacerraf;
George D. Snell;
Jean Dausset
Czesław Miłosz
1981Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
Kenichi Fukui;
Roald Hoffmann
Nicolaas Bloembergen;
Arthur Schawlow;
Kai M. Siegbahn
Roger W. Sperry;
David H. Hubel;
Torsten N. Wiesel
Elias Canetti
1982
Alfonso García Robles;
Alva Myrdal
Aaron KlugKenneth G. Wilson
Sune K. Bergström;
Bengt I. Samuelsson;
John R. Vane
Gabriel García Márquez
1983Lech WałęsaHenry Taube
Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar;
William A. Fowler
Barbara McClintockWilliam Golding
1984Desmond TutuR. Bruce Merrifield
Carlo Rubbia;
Simon van der Meer
Cesar Milstein;
George J. F. Köhler;
Niels K. Jerne
Jaroslav Seifert
1985International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War
Herbert A. Hauptman;
Jerome Karle
Klaus von Klitzing
Michael S. Brown;
Joseph L. Goldstein
Claude Simon
1986Elie Wiesel
Dudley R. Herschbach;
Yuan T. Lee;
John C. Polanyi
Ernst Ruska;
Gerd Binnig;
Heinrich Rohrer
Rita Levi-Montalcini;
Stanley Cohen
Wole Soyinka
1987Oscar Arias Sánchez
Donald J. Cram;
Charles J. Pedersen;
Jean-Marie Lehn
K. Alex Müller;
J. Georg Bednorz
Susumu TonegawaJoseph Brodsky
1988United Nations Peacekeeping Forces
Johann Deisenhofer;
Robert Huber;
Hartmut Michel
Leon M. Lederman;
Melvin Schwartz;
Jack Steinberger
Gertrude B. Elion;
George H. Hitchings;
Sir James Black
Naguib Mahfouz
1989Dalai Lama
Thomas R. Cech;
Sidney Altman
Norman F. Ramsey;
Hans G. Dehmelt;
Wolfgang Paul
J. Michael Bishop;
Harold E. Varmus
Camilo José Cela
1990Mikhail S. GorbachevElias James Corey
Richard E. Taylor;
Jerome I. Friedman;
Henry W. Kendall
Joseph E. Murray;
E. Donnall Thomas
Octavio Paz
1991Aung San Suu KyiRichard R. ErnstPierre-Gilles de Gennes
Edwin Neher;
Bert Sakmann
Nadine Gordimer
1992Rigoberta MenchúRudolph A. MarcusGeorges Charpak
Edmond H. Fischer;
Edwin G. Krebs
Derek Walcott
1993
F. W. de Klerk;
Nelson Mandela
Kary B. Mullis;
Michael Smith
Russell A. Hulse;
Joseph H. Taylor, Jr.
Richard J. Roberts;
Phillip A. Sharp
Toni Morrison
1994
Yasir Arafat;
Shimon Peres;
Yitzhak Rabin
George A. Olah
Clifford G. Shull;
Bertram N. Brockhouse
Alfred G. Gilman;
Martin Rodbell
Kenzaburo Oe
1995
Joseph Rotblat;
Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs
Paul Crutzen;
F. Sherwood Rowland;
Mario Molina
Martin L. Perl;
Frederick Reines
Edward B. Lewis;
Eric F. Wieschaus;
Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard
Seamus Heaney
1996
Carlos Belo;
José Ramos-Horta
Richard E. Smalley;
Robert F. Curl, Jr.;
Sir Harold W. Kroto
David M. Lee;
Robert C. Richardson;
Douglas D. Osheroff
Peter C. Doherty;
Rolf M. Zinkernagel
Wisława Szymborska
1997
International Campaign to Ban Landmines;
Jody Williams
Paul D. Boyer;
Jens C. Skou;
John E. Walker
Steven Chu;
William D. Phillips;
Claude Cohen-Tannoudji
Stanley B. PrusinerDario Fo
1998
John Hume;
David Trimble
Walter Kohn;
John A. Pople
Robert B. Laughlin;
Horst L. Störmer;
Daniel C. Tsui
Robert F. Furchgott;
Louis J. Ignarro;
Ferid Murad
José Saramago
1999Doctors Without BordersAhmed H. Zewail
Martinus J. G. Veltman;
Gerardus 't Hooft
Günter BlobelGünter Grass
2000Kim Dae Jung
Alan J. Heeger;
Alan G. MacDiarmid;
Hideki Shirakawa
Zhores I. Alferov;
Herbert Kroemer;
Jack S. Kilby
Arvid Carlsson;
Paul Greengard;
Eric Kandel
Gao Xingjian
2001
United Nations;
Kofi Annan
William S. Knowles;
Ryoji Noyori;
K. Barry Sharpless
Eric A. Cornell;
Wolfgang Ketterle;
Carl E. Wieman
Leland H. Hartwell;
R. Timothy Hunt;
Sir Paul M. Nurse
V. S. Naipaul
2002Jimmy Carter
John B. Fenn;
Koichi Tanaka;
Kurt Wüthrich
Raymond Davis, Jr.;
Masatoshi Koshiba;
Riccardo Giacconi
Sydney Brenner;
H. Robert Horvitz;
John E. Sulston
Imre Kertész
2003Shirin Ebadi
Peter C. Agre;
Roderick MacKinnon
Alexei A. Abrikosov;
Vitaly L. Ginzburg;
Anthony J. Leggett
Paul C. Lauterbur;
Sir Peter Mansfield
J. M. Coetzee
2004Wangari Maathai
Aaron Ciechanover;
Avram Hershko;
Irwin Rose
David J. Gross;
H. David Politzer;
Frank Wilczek
Richard Axel;
Linda B. Buck
Elfriede Jelinek
2005
International Atomic Energy Agency;
Mohamed ElBaradei
Yves Chauvin;
Robert H. Grubbs;
Richard R. Schrock
Roy J. Glauber;
John L. Hall;
Theodor W. Hänsch
Barry J. Marshall;
J. Robin Warren
Harold Pinter
2006
Muhammad Yunus
Grameen Bank
Roger Kornberg
John C. Mather
George F. Smoot
Andrew Z. Fire
Craig C. Mello
Orhan Pamuk
Nobel Prize

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