|
Uruguay
GeographyUruguay, on the east coast of South America south of Brazil and east of Argentina, is comparable in size to Oklahoma. The country consists of a low, rolling plain in the south and a low plateau in the north. It has a 120-mile (193 km) Atlantic shoreline, a 235-mile (378 km) frontage on the Rio de la Plata, and 270 mi (435 km) on the Uruguay River, its western boundary. GovernmentConstitutional republic. HistoryPrior to European settlement, Uruguay was inhabited by indigenous people, the Charrúas. Juan Díaz de Solis, a Spaniard, visited Uruguay in 1516, but the Portuguese were first to settle it when they founded the town of Colonia del Sacramento in 1680. After a long struggle, Spain wrested the country from Portugal in 1778, by which time almost all of the indigenous people had been exterminated. Uruguay revolted against Spain in 1811, only to be conquered in 1817 by the Portuguese from Brazil. Independence was reasserted with Argentine help in 1825, and the republic was set up in 1828. A revolt in 1836 touched off nearly 50 years of factional strife, including an inconclusive civil war (1839–1851) and a war with Paraguay (1865–1870), accompanied by occasional armed intervention by Argentina and Brazil. Uruguay, made prosperous by meat and wool exports, founded a welfare state early in the 20th century under President José Batlle y Ordóñez, who ruled from 1903 to 1929. A decline began in the 1950s as successive governments struggled to maintain a large bureaucracy and costly social benefits. Economic stagnation and left-wing terrorist activity followed. A Civilian Gonvernment Improves OutlookA military coup ousted the civilian government in 1973. The military dictatorship that followed used fear and terror to demoralize the population, taking thousands of political prisoners. After ruling for 12 years, the brutal military regime permitted election of a civilian government in Nov. 1984 and relinquished rule in March 1985; full political and civil rights were then restored. Subsequent leaders contended with high inflation and a mammoth national debt. Presidential and legislative elections in Nov. 1994 resulted in a narrow victory for the center-right Colorado Party and its presidential candidate, Julio Sanguinetti Cairolo, who had been president in 1985–1990. He pushed for constitutional and economic reforms aimed at reducing inflation and the size of the public sector, including tax increases and privatization. In Nov. 1999 Jorge Batlle, of the Colorado Party, won the presidency. In 2002, Uruguay entered its fourth year of recession. Economic troubles in neighboring Argentina caused a staggering 90% drop in tourism. Batlle also faced a sizable budget deficit, a growing public debt, and a weakening of the peso on international markets. The country's economic outlook began improving in 2003. In a Dec. 2003 referendum, 60% of the electorate voted against opening up the state oil monopoly to foreign investment. In Oct. 2004, Tabaré Vázquez of the Socialist Broad Front won 50.7% of the vote; he took office in March 2005. It was the left’s first national victory in Uruguay. The Supreme Court ruled in October 2009 that amnesty laws protecting members of the military dictatorship from prosecution for human rights violations under the junta, which ruled from 1973 to 1985, are unconstitutional. Days later, former military ruler Gregorio Alvarez was sentenced to 25 years in prison for the murder of 37 people and human rights violations, and in February 2010 former president Juan Maria Bordaberry was also sentenced to 30 years for murder and his role in the 1973 military coup. In November 2009's runoff presidential election, José Mujica, a former leftist guerrilla and a member the center-left governing Broad Front, defeated the conservative National Party candidate, Luis Alberto Lacalle, 53% to 43%. Mujica said he would pursue the moderate policies implemented by Vazquez, the outgoing president. Mujica Pushes for Legalization of Marijuana in 2012In June 2012, President Mujica called for the legalization and regulation of marijuana in Uruguay. The announcement came with the explanation that it was a move to end drug trafficking in the country. One of the lawmakers working on the proposal, Sebastián Sabini said, "We want to separate the market, users from traffickers, marijuana from other drugs." If Uruguay passed the bill, it would make them the first legalized marijuana republic in the world. The Netherlands passed a bill to ignore marijuana use and sales in 1976. In 2001, Portugal ended all criminal offenses for drug use, but, if the bill passed, Uruguay would take it one step further, a state-run marijuana industry. The bill was met with opposition from political opponents, doctors, and even marijuana users who were concerned with how marijuana would be managed. Crime and addiction, already on the rise in the country, was another concern. The bill would call for the government to require users to sign up for registration cards. The cards would track and limit purchases to an amount like 40 joints a month, officials explained. In October 2012, Uruguay's Senate approved a bill allowing women to have abortions during first trimester pregnancies. The house approved it the previous month and President Mujica supported it. Mujica planned to sign the bill into law by November 2012. The bill was set to become the most progressive abortion rights law in Latin America. See also Encyclopedia: Uruguay. Information Please® Database, © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
More on Uruguay from Fact Monster:
|
24 X 7Private Tutor
Explore Calculus Tutor , Math Answer
|
Part of Family Education Network | Homework Help | Reference Site | K-8 Kids | Poptropica | Parenting Advice | Teacher Resources | Online Gradebook
© 2000–2013 Pearson Education, publishing as Fact Monster™
