(Encyclopedia) bourgeoisiebourgeoisieb&oobreve;rzhwäzēˈ [key], originally the name for the inhabitants of walled towns in medieval France; as artisans and craftsmen, the bourgeoisie occupied a…
(Encyclopedia) Mannheim, KarlMannheim, Karlmänˈhīm [key], 1893–1947, Austro-Hungarian sociologist and historian, born and educated in Hungary. He taught at Heidelberg and Frankfurt and, from 1933 to…
(Encyclopedia) Hess, Moses, 1812–75, German socialist. He was responsible for converting Engels to Communism, and he early introduced Marx to social and economic problems. Hess played a prominent…
(Encyclopedia) Arrabal, FernandoArrabal, Fernandofārnänˈdō äräbälˈ [key], 1932–, French playwright, b. Melilla, Morocco. He studied law in Madrid before moving to Paris in 1954. His plays, which…
A Brief History of Sound in MoviesMovies and FilmFilm: Sound in MoviesA Brief History of Sound in MoviesBring on Da Noise: Synchronous and Nonsynchronous SoundSound Effects and Their FunctionsA…
(Encyclopedia) Luther, HansLuther, Hanshäns l&oomacr;ˈtər [key], 1879–1962, German statesman. As Gustav Stresemann's minister of finance he aided Hjalmar Schacht in stabilizing the German…
The Russian Revolution Origins of discontent On November 7, Russians celebrate the anniversary of the violent upheaval that overthrew the czarist government in 1917. What forces toppled…
(Encyclopedia) dialectical materialism, official philosophy of Communism, based on the writings of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, as elaborated by G. V. Plekhanov, V. I. Lenin, and Joseph Stalin. In…
(Encyclopedia) Kohler, KaufmannKohler, Kaufmannkoufˈmən kōˈlər [key], 1843–1926, American rabbi, scholar, and leader in Reform Judaism, b. Bavaria. He emigrated to the United States in 1869 and…
(Encyclopedia) Hobsbawm, Eric John Ernest , 1917–2012, British Marxist historian, b. Alexandria, Egypt. Educated at Cambridge (Ph.D., 1951), he joined the Communist party there in 1936. He served in…
