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Paulus, Friedrich

(Encyclopedia)Paulus, Friedrich frēˈdrĭkh pouˈlo͝os [key], 1890–1957, German field marshal. He commanded the army at the siege of Stalingrad and was raised to marshal's rank several hours before his surrende...

Ratzel, Friedrich

(Encyclopedia)Ratzel, Friedrich frēˈdrĭkh rätˈsəl [key], 1844–1904, German geographer. He traveled as a journalist in Europe (1869) and in Cuba, Mexico, and the United States (1872–75). Thereafter he devo...

Naumann, Friedrich

(Encyclopedia)Naumann, Friedrich frēˈdrĭkh nouˈmän [key], 1860–1919, German political leader. A Lutheran pastor, he renounced (1894) the ministry to enter politics. He was a leading member of the Progressive...

Wöhler, Friedrich

(Encyclopedia)Wöhler, Friedrich frēˈdrĭkh vöˈlər [key], 1800–1882, German chemist. He studied under the German chemist Leopold Gmelin and J. J. Berzelius, a Swedish chemist, and in 1836 was appointed profe...

Spielhagen, Friedrich

(Encyclopedia)Spielhagen, Friedrich frēˈdrĭkh shpēlˈhägən [key], 1829–1911, German novelist. His works, chiefly on social and political themes, include Problematische Naturen (1861, tr. Problematic Charact...

Schlegel, August Wilhelm von

(Encyclopedia)Schlegel, August Wilhelm von ouˈgo͝ost vĭlˈhĕlm fən shlāˈgəl [key], 1767–1845, German scholar and poet. With his brother, Friedrich von Schlegel, he founded the Athenaeum, which he edited (...

Moos, Ludwig von

(Encyclopedia)Moos, Ludwig von lo͝otˈvĭkh fən mo͞os [key], 1910–90, Swiss political leader. Entering politics in his native town of Sachseln, he served (1941–46) as its president. He was later a government...

Kirchner, Ernst Ludwig

(Encyclopedia)Kirchner, Ernst Ludwig ĕrnst lo͝otˈvĭkh kĭrkhˈnər [key], 1880–1938, German expressionist painter and graphic artist. He studied art in Munich and was greatly impressed by the neoimpressionist...

Mössbauer, Rudolf Ludwig

(Encyclopedia)Mössbauer, Rudolf Ludwig, 1929–2011, German physicist, Ph.D. Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Heidelberg, Germany, 1957. Mössbauer was a professor at the California Institute of Technolo...

Fackenheim, Emil Ludwig

(Encyclopedia)Fackenheim, Emil Ludwig āmēl lo͞otˈvĭkh făkˈənhīm [key], 1916–2003, Canadian-Israeli rabbi and philosopher, b. Halle, Germany, grad. Hochschule für die Wissenschaft des Judentums, 1939; Ph...