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Martin, Frank

(Encyclopedia)Martin, Frank fräNk märtăNˈ [key], 1890–1974, Swiss composer, b. Geneva. He studied mathematics and physics at the Univ. of Geneva and studied composition and music with Joseph Lauber and Jaques...

Keyserling, Eduard, Graf von

(Encyclopedia)Keyserling, Eduard, Graf von āˈdo͞oärt gräf fən kīˈsərlĭng [key], 1855–1918, German novelist. A member of an old and aristocratic family in the Baltic province of Courland, he depicts with...

Freiligrath, Ferdinand

(Encyclopedia)Freiligrath, Ferdinand fĕrˈdēnänt frīˈlĭkhrät [key], 1810–76, German poet. In 1844 he expressed radically liberal sentiments in his collection of political verse Ein Glaubensbekenntnis [a co...

Caldwell, Sarah

(Encyclopedia)Caldwell, Sarah, 1924–2006, American opera director and conductor, b. Maryville, Mo. In 1957 she founded the Boston Opera Group, later renamed the Opera Company of Boston, and headed it until its de...

Wiechert, Ernst

(Encyclopedia)Wiechert, Ernst ĕrnst vēˈkhĕrt [key], 1887–1950, German novelist. His works, distinguished by a poetic prose style, generally deal with his native East Prussia and the upheavals of the world war...

Hesse, Hermann

(Encyclopedia)Hesse, Hermann hĕsˈə [key], 1877–1962, German novelist and poet. A pacifist, he went to Switzerland at the outbreak of World War I and became (1923) a Swiss citizen. The spiritual loneliness of ...

Schlegel, Friedrich von

(Encyclopedia)Schlegel, Friedrich von fən shlāˈgəl [key], 1772–1829, German philosopher, critic, and writer, most prominent of the founders of German romanticism. Educated in law at Göttingen and Leipzig, h...

Lortzing, Gustav Albert

(Encyclopedia)Lortzing, Gustav Albert go͝osˈtäf älˈbĕrt lôrˈtsĭng [key], 1801–51, German opera composer. Lortzing's first opera was written in 1824. Among his best-known works are the comic operas Zar un...

Wölfflin, Heinrich

(Encyclopedia)Wölfflin, Heinrich hīnˈrĭkh völfˈlĭn [key], 1864–1945, Swiss art historian. Wölfflin's formal stylistic analysis of motifs and composition in art combined cultural history and psychological ...

Strauss, Emil

(Encyclopedia)Strauss, Emil āmēlˈ shtrous [key], 1866–1960, German novelist. His writings exemplify the transition from naturalism to impressionism by containing elements of both. His novel Freund Hein (1902) ...