DK Science: Oceans

About 71 per cent of our planet’s surface is covered by oceans and seas. In order of size, the five great oceans are the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Southern, and Arctic oceans. Seawater contains dissolved minerals, mostly sodium chloride (table salt), which make the oceans salty. The oceans are never still, but are stirred by powerful currents, WAVES, and TIDES.

COASTAL (NERITIC) ZONE

Coral reefs in warm, coastal waters are the ocean’s richest habitat. These reefs are built by organisms such as corals with mineral skeletons. The oceans can be divided into two main biomes – the deep open ocean and the coastal, or neritic, zone. The shallow waters of the coastal zones occupy just 10 per cent of the total ocean area, but are home to 98 per cent of marine life.

OPEN OCEAN ZONES

EUPHOTIC (UPPER) ZONE

Jellyfish, fish such as herring, mackerel, and sharks, and crustaceans such as this lobster all inhabit shallow and surface waters. The open ocean can be divided into several layers, each with different levels of light, oxygen, and water temperature. The upper waters, or euphotic zone, down to 200 m (660 ft) are warm (up to 25°C or 77°F), sunlit, and rich in oxygen.

BATHYAL ZONE

Creatures such as this brittlestar, squid, and hatchetfish inhabit the bathyal zone, or mid-depths, between 200–2,000 m (660–6,600 ft). Some sunlight penetrates the upper bathyal zone down to about 1,000 m (3,300 ft). Here the water temperature may be about 5°C (41°F). No light reaches the dark zone beyond, where temperatures fall to -2°C (28°F).

ABYSSAL ZONE

The pitch-black, ice-cold abyssal zone below 2,000m (6,600 ft) is home to fish such as the fangtooth. Animals that live in these vast abyssal waters have to be able to cope with immense water pressure and freezing temperatures. Some parts of the ocean drop off to depths of 10,000 m (33,000 ft) or more; this region is called the hadal zone.

OCEAN CURRENTS

The water in the oceans is never still, but moves continually in strong currents that flow both near the surface and at great depths. This helps to distribute the Sun’s heat around the globe. Winds create surface currents, which are then bent by Earth’s rotation and by land masses to flow in great circles, called gyres. Warm surface currents coming from the tropics warm the lands they flow past. Cool deep currents flowing from polar waters have the opposite effect.

TIDES

The changes in the oceans’ water levels, called tides, are caused by the tug of the Moon’s gravity on Earth, the Sun’s gravity, and Earth’s spin. As the Moon orbits Earth, its gravity causes a bulge of water to build up on the ocean. The force of Earth’s spin produces a matching bulge on the opposite side. Twice a day, these bulges form high tides.

STRONG AND WEAK TIDES

Tides vary from a few centimetres to 15 m (50 ft) or more. Very high tides, called spring tides, occur every two weeks, when the Sun and Moon line up so that their gravitational pulls combine. Weak tides, called neap tides, occur in the weeks in between, when the Sun and Moon lie at right angles to the Earth. Their pulls cancel one another out.

WAVES

Except in very calm weather, waves ruffle the surface of the oceans. They are caused by winds blowing over the surface, which creates friction. Winds blowing over vast expanses of open ocean form unbroken waves called rollers. Waves break into foamy crests as they reach shallow coastal waters, and finally smash onto coasts.

WAVE ACTION

Waves may travel huge distances across oceans, yet surprisingly, the water in a wave stays in roughly the same place. As the wave passes, the water particles move around in a circle and return to their original position. As a wave moves in to the shore, its strength and size increases. The sea bed disrupts the pattern, causing the wave to break.

WAVE POWER

Giant tidal waves, called tsunamis, are caused by earthquakes or volcanic eruptions on the ocean bed. As waves ripple outward from an undersea earthquake or volcano, they are barely noticeable. However in shallow waters they rear up to great heights and crash onto coasts with huge destructive force.

Copyright © 2007 Dorling Kindersley