Ch'ing:

See S. Y. Teng and J. K. Fairbank, China's Response to the West (1954); F. Wakeman, Jr., The Fall of Imperial China (1975) and The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China (2 vol. 1985); I. C. Y. Hsü, The Rise of Modern China (1990); J. D. Spence, The Search for Modern China (1990).

Sections in this article:

• Introduction
• Background
• The Early Ch'ing
• Western Imperialism and Internal Pressures
• Collapse of the Dynasty
• Bibliography

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