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Ratzel, Friedrich

(Encyclopedia)Ratzel, Friedrich fr´drkh rät´sl [key], 1844–1904, German geographer. He traveled as a journalist in Europe (1869) and in Cuba, Mexico, and the United States (1872–75). Thereafter he devo...

Naumann, Friedrich

(Encyclopedia)Naumann, Friedrich fr´drkh nou´män [key], 1860–1919, German political leader. A Lutheran pastor, he renounced (1894) the ministry to enter politics. He was a leading member of the Progressive...

Rückert, Friedrich

(Encyclopedia)Rückert, Friedrich fr´drkh rük´rt [key], pseud. Freimund Raimarfr´moont r´mär [key], 1788–1866, German scholar and poet. An editor and professor of Oriental languages, he wrote im...

Engels, Friedrich

(Encyclopedia)Engels, Friedrich fr´drkh ng´ls [key], 1820–95, German socialist; with Karl Marx, one of the founders of modern Communism (see communism). The son of a wealthy Rhenish textile manufacturer...

List, Friedrich

(Encyclopedia)List, Friedrich fr´drkh lst [key], 1789–1846, German economist. The first professor of economics at the Univ. of Tübingen, he was elected (1820) to the Württemberg legislature. For his advo...

Löffler, Friedrich

(Encyclopedia)Löffler, Friedrich fr´drkh löf´lr [key], 1852–1915, German bacteriologist. From 1888 he taught hygiene at the Univ. of Greifswald. Among his many contributions to bacteriology are his demo...

Wöhler, Friedrich

(Encyclopedia)Wöhler, Friedrich fr´drkh vö´lr [key], 1800–1882, German chemist. He studied under the German chemist Leopold Gmelin and J. J. Berzelius, a Swedish chemist, and in 1836 was appointed profe...

Preller, Friedrich

(Encyclopedia)Preller, Friedrich fr´drkh prl´r [key], 1804–78, German painter and etcher, professor at the Weimar Academy. He is best known for his Odyssey landscapes, a series of 16 encaustic paintings...

Hoffmann, Friedrich

(Encyclopedia)Hoffmann, Friedrich fr´drkh hôf´män [key], 1660–1742, German physician. He taught and practiced at Halle from 1693. He studied and wrote on such varied topics as pediatrics, mineral waters, ...

Spielhagen, Friedrich

(Encyclopedia)Spielhagen, Friedrich fr´drkh shpl´hägn [key], 1829–1911, German novelist. His works, chiefly on social and political themes, include Problematische Naturen (1861, tr. Problematic Charact...