(Encyclopedia) Vienna, Congress of, Sept., 1814–June, 1815, one of the most important international conferences in European history, called to remake Europe after the downfall of Napoleon I.…
(Encyclopedia) Charles of Blois (Charles of Châtillon)Charles of Bloisblwä, shätēyôNˈ [key], c.1319–1364, duke of Brittany; nephew of Philip VI of France. He was one of the chief participants in the…
(Encyclopedia) Maurice of NassauMaurice of Nassaumôrˈĭs, [key]Maurice of Nassaunăsˈô [key], 1567–1625, prince of Orange (1618–25); son of William the Silent by Anne of Saxony. He became stadtholder…
(Encyclopedia) balance of trade, relation between the merchandise exports and imports of a country. The concept first became important in the 16th and 17th cent. with the growth of mercantilism.…
(Encyclopedia) Margaret of NavarreMargaret of Navarrenəvärˈ [key] or Margaret of AngoulêmeMargaret of AngoulêmeäNg&oomacr;lāmˈ [key], 1492–1549, queen consort of Navarre; sister of King Francis I…
(Encyclopedia) heat of combustion, heat released during combustion. In particular, it is the amount of heat released when a given amount (usually 1 mole) of a combustible pure substance is burned to…
(Encyclopedia) book of hours, form of prayer book developed in the 14th cent. from the prayers of clerics appended to the main service. The subjects of the miniature illustrations (see miniature…
(Encyclopedia) Religion, Wars of, 1562–98, series of civil wars in France, also known as the Huguenot Wars.
The immediate issue was the French Protestants' struggle for freedom of worship and the…
(Encyclopedia) war, laws of, in international law, rules and principles regulating an armed conflict between nations. These laws are designed to minimize the destruction of life and property, to…
(Encyclopedia) Mary of England (Mary Tudor), 1496–1533, queen consort of Louis XII of France, daughter of Henry VII of England and sister of Henry VIII. She was betrothed in 1507 to the future Holy…
