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Charles IV, Holy Roman emperor

(Encyclopedia) Charles IV, 1316–78, Holy Roman emperor (1355–78), German king (1347–78), and king of Bohemia (1346–78). The son of John of Luxemburg, Charles was educated at the French court and…

Philip IV, king of France

(Encyclopedia) Philip IV (Philip the Fair), 1268–1314, king of France (1285–1314), son and successor of Philip III. The policies of his reign greatly strengthened the French monarchy and increased…

Boniface VIII

(Encyclopedia) Boniface VIII, 1235–1303, pope (1294–1303), an Italian (b. Anagni) named Benedetto Caetani; successor of St. Celestine V. As a cardinal he was independent of the factions in the papal…

Famous Firsts by African Americans

500 Notable African American Biographies A-Z List Civil Rights Leaders Figures in Abolitionism Government Officials Religious Leaders Scholars & Educators Scientists & Inventors…

Caesalpinus, Andreas

(Encyclopedia) Caesalpinus, AndreasCaesalpinus, Andreasănˈdrēəs sĕsălpīˈnəs [key], Latinized from Andrea CesalpinoAndrea Cesalpinoändrĕˈä chāzälpēˈnō [key], 1519–1603, Italian botanist and…

Montand, Yves

(Encyclopedia) Montand, YvesMontand, Yvesēv môNtäNˈ [key], 1921–1991, French singer and actor, b. Italy as Ivo Livi. His family settled in Marseille when he was an infant. He quit school at 11, held…

Facts About Women in the House and the Senate

Here are some facts about women who have served or are currently serving in the U.S. Congress. 313 women have been elected or appointed to the U.S. Congress. Jeannette Rankin, Republican from…

Women in Sports: Baseball

Women have been playing baseball since 1866. Vassar College had the first women's baseball team. Lanny Moss was the first woman to manage a…

Citrine, Walter McLennan Citrine, 1st Baron

(Encyclopedia) Citrine, Walter McLennan Citrine, 1st BaronCitrine, Walter McLennan Citrine, 1st Baronsĭtrēnˈ [key], 1887–1983, English trade union leader. An electrician, he became district secretary…