For thousands of years, farmers have improved their crops by crossbreeding plants that have good traits. They take pollen from one plant and add it to the flowers of another plant to produce a…
(Encyclopedia) mutation, in biology, a sudden, random change in a gene, or unit of hereditary material, that can alter an inheritable characteristic. Most mutations are not beneficial, since any…
IntroductionInheritanceIntroductionGenes at Work: Mendel's BreakthroughMeiosis and Sexual ReproductionGametogenesis in Plants and AnimalsRegulation of Gene Expression in Prokaryotes and…
(Encyclopedia) Morgan, Thomas Hunt, 1866–1945, American zoologist, b. Lexington, Ky., Ph.D. Johns Hopkins, 1890. He was professor of experimental zoology at Columbia (1904–28) and from 1928 was…
(Encyclopedia) Evans, Sir Martin John, British geneticist, Ph.D., University College London, 1969. After serving on the faculty at University College London (1966–78) and Cambridge (1978–99), he…
(Encyclopedia) Smithies, Oliver, 1925–2017, American geneticist, b. Halifax, England, Ph.D., Oxford, 1951. Smithies was on the faculty at the Univ. of Toronto (1953–60) and Univ. of Wisconsin–Madison…
Vaccination & Natural ResistanceHIV/AIDSIntroductionThe Birth of a DiseaseFrom Epidemic to PandemicWhere Did HIV Come From?Diagnosis & Anti-HIV TherapyVaccination & Natural…
The cloning craze began in 1996, when scientists in Scotland astonished the world by announcing that they had successfully cloned an adult sheep. They called her Dolly. A clone is a copy of…
