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Rothschild, Nathan Meyer

(Encyclopedia) Rothschild, Nathan Meyer, 1777–1836, British banker, b. Frankfurt, Germany; of the famous Rothschild family. He went to England in 1797, was naturalized in 1804, and opened a business…

Rulers of Spain since 1474 (table)

(Encyclopedia) Rulers of Spain since 1474(including dates of reign) Union of Castile and Aragón Isabella I (of Castile), ruled jointly with Ferdinand II (of Aragón), 1474–1504 Ferdinand II,…

Ghent, Treaty of

(Encyclopedia) Ghent, Treaty of, 1814, agreement ending the War of 1812 between the United States and Great Britain. It was signed at Ghent, Belgium, on Dec. 24, 1814, and ratified by the U.S. Senate…

Muhammad Ali, pasha of Egypt

(Encyclopedia) Muhammad Ali, 1769?–1849, pasha of Egypt after 1805. He was a common soldier who rose to leadership by his military skill and political acumen. In 1799 he commanded a Turkish army in…

Kosciusko, Thaddeus

(Encyclopedia) Kosciusko or Kosciuszko, ThaddeusKosciusko or Kosciuszko, Thaddeuskŏsˌēŭsˈkō [key], Pol. Tadeusz Andrzej Bonawentura Košciuszko, 1746–1817, Polish general. Trained in military…

Polignac, Jules Armand, prince de

(Encyclopedia) Polignac, Jules Armand, prince dePolignac, Jules Armand, prince dezhül ärmäNˈ prăNs də pôlēnyäkˈ [key], 1780–1847, French statesman. Belonging to one of the oldest families of France,…

Cassini

(Encyclopedia) CassiniCassinikäs-sēˈnē [key], name of a family of Italian-French astronomers, four generations of whom were directors of the Paris Observatory. Gian Domenico Cassini, 1625–1712, was…

Swiss Guards

(Encyclopedia) Swiss Guards, Swiss mercenaries who fought in various European armies from the 15th cent. until the 19th cent. These mercenaries, who were not volunteers, were put at the disposal of…

triumphal arch

(Encyclopedia) CE5 Triumphal arch triumphal arch, monumental structure embodying one or more arched passages, frequently built to span a road and designed to honor a king or general or to…