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Spener, Philipp Jakob

(Encyclopedia) Spener, Philipp JakobSpener, Philipp Jakobfēˈlĭp yäˈkôp shpāˈnər [key], 1635–1705, German theologian, founder of Pietism. He was pastor of the Lutheran church at Frankfurt in 1670 when…

Mystery Initials

Full names of famous authorstracked down by Holly Hartman Ever wonder what the two R's stand for in J. R. R. Tolkien? Curious about whether S. E. Hinton is a man or a woman? It used to be common…

Gallitzin

(Encyclopedia) GallitzinGallitzingəlĭtˈsĭn [key], Rus. GolytsinGallitzingəlyēˈtsĭn [key], Russian princely family. Among many alternate spellings are Galitzin, Galytzin, and Galitsin. Vasily…

Russian and Soviet Rulers since 1462 (table)

(Encyclopedia) Russian and Soviet Rulers since 1462(including dates of rule) House of Rurik Ivan III (the Great), 1462–1505 Vasily III, 1505–33 Ivan IV (the Terrible), 1533–84 Feodor I, 1584…

Lothair, king of Lotharingia

(Encyclopedia) Lothair, sometimes called Lothair II, d. 869, king of Lotharingia (855–69), second son of Emperor of the West Lothair I. He inherited the region bounded by the Rhine, Scheldt, Alps,…

Martin IV, d. 1285, pope

(Encyclopedia) Martin IV, d. 1285, pope (1281–85), a Frenchman named Simon de Brie; successor of Nicholas III. He was chancellor under Louis IX of France and was created cardinal by Urban IV. He was…

Herbert, George

(Encyclopedia) Herbert, George, 1593–1633, one of the English metaphysical poets. Of noble family, he was the brother of Baron Herbert of Cherbury. He was graduated from Cambridge. His early…

Formosus

(Encyclopedia) FormosusFormosusfôrmōˈsəs [key], c.816–896, pope (891–96), probably a Roman; successor of Stephen VI. Under Pope Nicholas I he had been bishop in Bulgaria, where he pursued a rigorous…

Izvolsky, Aleksandr Petrovich

(Encyclopedia) Izvolsky, Aleksandr PetrovichIzvolsky, Aleksandr Petrovichəlyĭksänˈdər pētrôˈvĭch ēzvôlˈskē [key], 1856–1919, Russian diplomat instrumental in fostering the Triple Entente with France…

Eisenach

(Encyclopedia) Eisenach Eisenach īˈzənäkh [key], city, Thuringia, central Germany. It is an industrial center and…