(Encyclopedia) Todorov, Tzvetan, 1939–2017, Bulgarian-French literary theorist, historian of ideas, and sociologist, b. Sofia, Bulgaria, Ph.D. Univ. of Paris, 1966. He joined (1968) the National…
(Encyclopedia) Renan, ErnestRenan, Ernestĕrnĕstˈ rənäNˈ [key], 1823–92, French historian and critic. He began training for the priesthood but renounced it in 1845. His first trip to Italy (1849)…
(Encyclopedia) Lessing, Gotthold EphraimLessing, Gotthold Ephraimgôtˈhôlt āˈfräĭm [key], 1729–81, German philosopher, dramatist, and critic, one of the most influential figures of the Enlightenment.…
(Encyclopedia) Lotze, Rudolf HermannLotze, Rudolf Hermannr&oomacr;ˈdôlf hĕrˈmän lōˈtsə [key], 1817–81, German philosopher and psychologist. After studying medicine and philosophy at Leipzig, he…
(Encyclopedia) Martini, SimoneMartini, Simonesēmôˈnā [key]Martini, Simone märtēˈnē [key], or Simone di MartinoSimone di Martinodē märtēˈnō [key], c.1283–1344, major Sienese painter. His art is…
(Encyclopedia) Kristeva, Julia, 1941–, French critic, psychoanalyst, semiotician, and writer, b. Sliven, Bulgaria. Writing in French, she has explored many subjects including structuralist…
(Encyclopedia) NantesNantesnäNt [key], city (1990 pop. 252,029), capital of Loire-Atlantique dept., W France, on the Loire River. It is an important industrial and shipping center with its ocean port…
(Encyclopedia) Haushofer, KarlHaushofer, Karlkärl housˈhōfər [key], 1869–1946, German geographer, theorist of Nazi geopolitics, including the doctrines that the state is a living organism and that…
(Encyclopedia) Goncourt, Edmond Louis Antoine Huot deGoncourt, Edmond Louis Antoine Huot deĕdmôNˈ lwē äNtwänˈ üōˈ də gôNk&oomacr;rˈ [key], 1822–96, and Jules Alfred Huot de GoncourtGoncourt,…
(Encyclopedia) Gay-Lussac, Joseph LouisGay-Lussac, Joseph Louiszhôzĕfˈ lwē gā-lüsäkˈ [key], 1778–1850, French chemist and physicist. He was professor in Paris at the Sorbonne, at the Polytechnic…
