(Encyclopedia) Charles of ValoisCharles of Valoisvälwäˈ [key], 1270–1325, French prince and military leader, third son of Philip III and father of Philip VI. He dominated the reign in France of his…
(Encyclopedia) William of Occam or OckhamWilliam of Occam or Ockhamboth: ŏkˈəm [key], c.1285–c.1349, English scholastic philosopher. A Franciscan, Occam studied and taught at Oxford from c.1310 until…
(Encyclopedia) Vincent of BeauvaisVincent of Beauvaisbōvāˈ [key], c.1190–c.1264, French Dominican friar. He was the author of three of the four parts of the Speculum majus, of great value as a…
(Encyclopedia) Hildebert of LavardinHildebert of Lavardinhĭlˈdəbərt, lăvˈərdĭn; lävärdăNˈ [key], c.1056–1133, French churchman, bishop of Le Mans (1096–1125), and archbishop of Tours (1125–33). He…
(Encyclopedia) Henry of Burgundy, d. 1112, count of Portugal. One of a group of French nobles called by Alfonso VI of León to assist in the fight against the Moors, he arrived in Spain c.1095. He was…
(Encyclopedia) Gervase of CanterburyGervase of Canterburyjûrˈvāz, jərvāzˈ [key], d. c.1210, English chronicler. A monk of Christ Church, Cambridge, he wrote an account of the reigns of Stephen, Henry…
(Encyclopedia) standard of living, level of consumption that an individual, group, or nation has achieved. The evaluation of a standard of living is relative, depending upon the judgment of the…
(Encyclopedia) Berlin, Conference of, 1884–85, international meeting aimed at settling the problems connected with European colonies in Africa. At the invitation of the German chancellor Otto von…
(Encyclopedia) Aha of ShabchaAha of Shabchaäˈhä, shäbˈkhä [key] or Achai of ShabchaAchai of Shabchaäˈkhī [key], c.680–c.762, Babylonian rabbi. He settled (c.752) in Palestine after being passed over…
(Encyclopedia) William of Wykeham or William of WickhamWilliam of Wykehamboth: wĭˈkəm [key], 1324–1404, English prelate and lord chancellor. He is thought to have been the son of a serf. Entering the…
