(Encyclopedia) Louis VIII, 1187–1226, king of France (1223–26), son and successor of King Philip II. He fought (1215, 1219) against the Albigenses in S France. Invited by English lords in rebellion…
(Encyclopedia) PhocionPhocionfōˈshən [key], c.402–318 b.c., Athenian general. He served successfully against the forces of Philip of Macedon—in Euboea (now Évvoia; 348 b.c.) and at Byzantium (339),…
(Encyclopedia) Carranza de Miranda, Bartolomé deCarranza de Miranda, Bartolomé debärtōlōmāˈ dā käränˈthä dā mēränˈdä [key], 1503–76, Spanish churchman. He joined the Dominicans (1520) and taught at…
(Encyclopedia) Vendôme, Louis Joseph, duc deVendôme, Louis Joseph, duc delwē zhôzĕfˈ [key]Vendôme, Louis Joseph, duc de dük də väNdōmˈ [key], 1654–1712, marshal of France; grandson of César de…
(Encyclopedia) Baronius, CaesarBaronius, Caesarbərōˈnēəs [key], 1538–1607, Italian ecclesiastical historian, cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He went to Rome c.1557 and soon came under the…
(Encyclopedia) William the Silent or William of Orange (William I, prince of Orange), 1533–84, Dutch statesman, principal founder of Dutch independence.
William married four times. His first wife…
(Encyclopedia) FlandersFlandersflănˈdərz [key], former county in the Low Countries, extending along the North Sea and W of the Scheldt (Escaut) River. It is divided among East Flanders and West…
(Encyclopedia) Spanish Succession, War of the, 1701–14, last of the general European wars caused by the efforts of King Louis XIV to extend French power. The conflict in America corresponding to the…
(Encyclopedia) Rich, Penelope, Lady, 1562–1607, the “Stella” of Sir Philip Sidney's Astrophel and Stella (1591). Daughter of Walter Devereux, first earl of Essex, she married (1581) Lord Rich (later…
writerBorn: 9/17/1932Birthplace: Springfield, Massachusetts While teaching at Boston area colleges, Robert Brown Parker began writing his series of mystery novels. The first, The Godwulf…
