(Encyclopedia) Louis VIII, 1187–1226, king of France (1223–26), son and successor of King Philip II. He fought (1215, 1219) against the Albigenses in S France. Invited by English lords in rebellion…
(Encyclopedia) Baronius, CaesarBaronius, Caesarbərōˈnēəs [key], 1538–1607, Italian ecclesiastical historian, cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He went to Rome c.1557 and soon came under the…
(Encyclopedia) Charles of ValoisCharles of Valoisvälwäˈ [key], 1270–1325, French prince and military leader, third son of Philip III and father of Philip VI. He dominated the reign in France of his…
(Encyclopedia) Ensenada, Zenón de Somodevilla, marqués de laEnsenada, Zenón de Somodevilla, marqués de lathānōnˈ dā sōmōᵺāvēˈlyä märkāsˈ dā lä ānsānäˈᵺä [key], 1702–81, Spanish statesman. He was…
(Encyclopedia) Vendôme, Louis Joseph, duc deVendôme, Louis Joseph, duc delwē zhôzĕfˈ [key]Vendôme, Louis Joseph, duc de dük də väNdōmˈ [key], 1654–1712, marshal of France; grandson of César de…
(Encyclopedia) PhocionPhocionfōˈshən [key], c.402–318 b.c., Athenian general. He served successfully against the forces of Philip of Macedon—in Euboea (now Évvoia; 348 b.c.) and at Byzantium (339),…
(Encyclopedia) Carranza de Miranda, Bartolomé deCarranza de Miranda, Bartolomé debärtōlōmāˈ dā käränˈthä dā mēränˈdä [key], 1503–76, Spanish churchman. He joined the Dominicans (1520) and taught at…
(Encyclopedia) William the Silent or William of Orange (William I, prince of Orange), 1533–84, Dutch statesman, principal founder of Dutch independence.
William married four times. His first wife…
(Encyclopedia) FlandersFlandersflănˈdərz [key], former county in the Low Countries, extending along the North Sea and W of the Scheldt (Escaut) River. It is divided among East Flanders and West…
(Encyclopedia) Spanish Succession, War of the, 1701–14, last of the general European wars caused by the efforts of King Louis XIV to extend French power. The conflict in America corresponding to the…
