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Charles, archduke of Austria

(Encyclopedia)Charles, 1771–1847, archduke of Austria; brother of Holy Roman Emperor Francis II. Despite his epilepsy, he was the ablest Austrian commander in the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic wars; however...

Clausel, Bertrand

(Encyclopedia)Clausel or Clauzel, Bertrand bĕrträNˈ klōzĕlˈ [key], 1772–1842, marshal of France. Having served in the French Revolutionary Wars and in the Napoleonic campaigns, particularly in the Peninsula...

Kondouriotis, Paul

(Encyclopedia)Kondouriotis, Paul kôndo͞oryôˈtĭs [key], 1857–1935, Greek admiral and statesman. He became a national hero through his victories over the Turkish fleet in the Greco-Turkish War of 1897 and in t...

Barclay de Tolly, Mikhail, Prince

(Encyclopedia)Barclay de Tolly, Mikhail, Prince mēkhəyēlˈ, bərklīˈ də tôˈlyē [key], 1761–1818, Russian field marshal, of Scottish descent. He gained prominence in the Napoleonic Wars, became minister o...

Cialdini, Enrico

(Encyclopedia)Cialdini, Enrico ănrēˈkō chäldēˈnē [key], 1811–92, Italian general and diplomat. During the wars leading to Italian unification he fought in Sardinian service in the campaigns of 1848–49 a...

Walzer, Michael

(Encyclopedia)Walzer, Michael, 1935–, American political philosopher, b. New York City, attended Brandeis Univ. (B.A., 1956), Cambridge (1956–57), and Harvard (Ph.D., 1961). A prominent liberal thinker and prol...

Gérard, Étienne Maurice

(Encyclopedia)Gérard, Étienne Maurice ātyĕnˈ môrēsˈ zhārärˈ [key], 1773–1852, French army officer. He fought with distinction in the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, and in the Waterloo campai...

peace congresses

(Encyclopedia)peace congresses, multinational meetings to achieve or preserve peace and to prevent wars. Although philosophical and religious pacifism is almost as old as war itself, organized efforts to outlaw war...

Guanajuato, city, Mexico

(Encyclopedia)Guanajuato, city, capital of Guanajuato state, W central Mexico. The city, with an altitude of c.6,600 ft (2,000 m), is situated in the Cañada de Marfi...

Buller, Sir Redvers Henry

(Encyclopedia)Buller, Sir Redvers Henry bŭlˈər [key], 1839–1908, British general. His military career began in China, and he later took part in the suppression of the Red River Rebellion (1870) in Canada. In A...