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Sander, August

(Encyclopedia)Sander, August ouˈgo͝ost zänˈdər [key], 1876–1964, Austrian photographer. During his long life Sander made a remarkable composite portrait of the German people. He began his immense work in the...

Heckewelder, John Gottlieb Ernestus

(Encyclopedia)Heckewelder, John Gottlieb Ernestus hĕkˈəvĕldər [key], 1743–1823, Moravian missionary in the United States, b. Bedford, England. Settling (1754) in Bethlehem, Pa., with his parents, he later wa...

Bellingshausen, Fabian Gottlieb von

(Encyclopedia)Bellingshausen, Fabian Gottlieb von fäbˈēən gôtˈlēp fôn bĕlˈĭngzhouˌzən [key], 1778–1852, Russian explorer, b. Sarema, Estonia. A graduate of the naval academy at Kronstadt, he commande...

Eichler, August Wilhelm

(Encyclopedia)Eichler, August Wilhelm ouˈgo͝ost vĭlˈhĕlm īkhˈlər [key], 1839–87, German botanist. He worked out the symmetry of the parts of a flower and developed a system of plant classification which, ...

Crusius, Christian August

(Encyclopedia)Crusius, Christian August krĭsˈtēän ouˈgo͝ost kro͞oˈzēo͝os [key], 1715–75, German philosopher and theologian. He was educated at the Univ. of Leipzig, where he became professor of philosop...

Francke, August Hermann

(Encyclopedia)Francke, August Hermann ouˈgo͝ost hĕrˈmän frängˈkə [key], 1663–1727, German Protestant minister and philanthropist. In 1686, encouraged by Philipp Jakob Spener, he helped found the Collegium...

Andrée, Salomon August

(Encyclopedia)Andrée, Salomon August säˈlo͞omôn ouˈgəst ändrāˈ [key], 1854–97, Swedish polar explorer, grad. Royal Inst. of Technology, Stockholm. An aeronautical engineer and head of the Swedish patent...

Otto, Nikolaus August

(Encyclopedia)Otto, Nikolaus August nēˈkōlous ouˈgo͝ost ôˈtō [key], 1832–91, German engineer. He was coinventor (1867) of an internal-combustion engine, and he devised (1876) the four-stroke Otto cycle, w...

Kotzebue, August von

(Encyclopedia)Kotzebue, August von ouˈgo͝ost fən kôtˈsəbo͞o [key], 1761–1819, German dramatist and politician. He wrote some 200 plays, including Menschenhass und Reue (1789, tr. The Stranger, 1798), Die S...

Mackensen, August von

(Encyclopedia)Mackensen, August von ouˈgo͝ost fən mäˈkənzən [key], 1849–1945, German field marshal. In World War I he defeated the Russians in the battle of the Masurian Lakes (1914–15), conducted succes...