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Vondel, Joost van den

(Encyclopedia)Vondel, Joost van den yōst vän dĕn vônˈdəl [key], 1587–1679, Dutch poet and dramatist, b. Cologne. He is generally considered the greatest Dutch writer. During the emergence of the Dutch natio...

Vaughan Williams, Ralph

(Encyclopedia)Vaughan Williams, Ralph, 1872–1958, English composer, considered the outstanding composer of his generation in England. He graduated from Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1894 and studied composition ...

brutalism

(Encyclopedia)brutalism or new brutalism, architectural style of the late 1950s and 60s that arose in reaction to the lightness, polish, and use of glass and steel that had come to characterize the orthodox Interna...

Laurent, Robert

(Encyclopedia)Laurent, Robert rōbârˈ lôrĕntˈ [key], 1890–1970, American sculptor, b. France. He emigrated to the United States in 1902 and later studied in Rome. Progressing from early decorative works, he ...

Lairesse, Gerard de

(Encyclopedia)Lairesse, Gerard de gāˈrärt də lārĕsˈ [key], 1641–1711, Flemish painter of allegorical and religious subjects, b. Liège. Most of his life was spent in Holland, where he achieved great succes...

Mombert, Alfred

(Encyclopedia)Mombert, Alfred älˈfrĕt mômˈbĕrt [key], 1872–1942, German poet. He was briefly a lawyer and public official. His works, characterized by mysticism, fantasy, and simplicity of style, include Di...

Madariaga, Salvador de

(Encyclopedia)Madariaga, Salvador de (Salvador de Madariaga y Rojo) sälväᵺōrˈ dā mäᵺäryäˈgä ē rōˈhō [key], 1886–1978, Spanish author and diplomat. In 1922 Madariaga became head of the disarmamen...

Magritte, René

(Encyclopedia)Magritte, René rənāˈ mägrētˈ [key], 1898–1967, Belgian surrealist painter. Strongly influenced by Chirico, Magritte developed a style in which a misleading sort of realism is combined with mo...

Luleå

(Encyclopedia)Luleå lüˈləōˌ [key], city (1990 pop. 42,730), capital of Norrbotten co., NE Sweden, a port on the Gulf of Bothnia at the mouth of the Luleälv River. Although its harbor is icebound most of the ...

Massenet, Jules

(Encyclopedia)Massenet, Jules zhül mäsənāˈ [key], 1842–1912, French composer. He studied at the Paris Conservatory, where he taught from 1878 to 1896. In addition to many songs, several oratorios, and a numb...