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Abd ar-Rahman, Muslim governor of Spain

(Encyclopedia)Abd ar-Rahman äbˌdär-rämänˈ [key], d. 732, Muslim governor of Spain (721–32). Invading Aquitaine in 732, he won a victory over the Franks at Toulouse but was defeated in the battle of Tours by...

Jidda

(Encyclopedia)Jidda jĕ– [key], city (1993 est. pop. 2,058,000), Hejaz, W Saudi Arabia, on the Red Sea. Jidda is the port of Mecca (c.45 mi/72 km to the east) and annually receives a huge influx of pilgrims, main...

Idrisi

(Encyclopedia)Idrisi ĕ– [key], in full Abu Abdallah Muhammad Ibn Muhammad Ibn Abdallah Ibn Idris Al-Hammudi Al-Hasani Al-Idrisi, b. 1099?, d. after 1154, Arab geographer, b. Ceuta. He traveled in Europe, Asia Mi...

Hejaz

(Encyclopedia)Hejaz or Hedjaz both: hējăzˈ, hĕjäzˈ [key], region, c.150,000 sq mi (388,500 sq km), NW Saudi Arabia, on the Gulf of Aqaba and the Red Sea. Mecca is the chief city. Extending S to Asir, Hejaz is...

caliphate

(Encyclopedia)caliphate kălˈĭfˌ [key], the spiritual head and temporal ruler of the Islamic state. In principle, Islam is theocratic: when Muhammad died, a caliph [Arab.,=successor] was chosen to rule in his pl...

Lenin Peak

(Encyclopedia)Lenin Peak or Ibn Sina Peak, formerly Kaufmann Peak koufˈmən [key], 23,405 ft (7,134 m) high, on the border of Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan. Also known as Kuh-i-Gamo [warm mountain], it is the highest ...

Abd ar-Rahman I, emir of Córdoba

(Encyclopedia)Abd ar-Rahman I, d. 788, first Umayyad emir of Córdoba (756–88). The only survivor of the Abbasid massacre (750) of his family in Damascus, he fled from Syria and eventually went to Spain. There he...

Alhazen

(Encyclopedia)Alhazen: see Ibn al-Haytham.

Avicebron

(Encyclopedia)Avicebron: see Ibn Gabirol, Solomon ben Judah. ...

Gabirol

(Encyclopedia)Gabirol: see Ibn Gabirol, Solomon ben Judah. ...