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Wöhler, Friedrich

(Encyclopedia)Wöhler, Friedrich frēˈdrĭkh vöˈlər [key], 1800–1882, German chemist. He studied under the German chemist Leopold Gmelin and J. J. Berzelius, a Swedish chemist, and in 1836 was appointed profe...

Ratzel, Friedrich

(Encyclopedia)Ratzel, Friedrich frēˈdrĭkh rätˈsəl [key], 1844–1904, German geographer. He traveled as a journalist in Europe (1869) and in Cuba, Mexico, and the United States (1872–75). Thereafter he devo...

Hölderlin, Friedrich

(Encyclopedia)Hölderlin, Friedrich frēˈdrĭkh hölˈdərlĭn [key], 1770–1843, German lyric poet. Befriended and influenced by Schiller, Hölderlin produced, before the onset of insanity at 36, lofty yet subje...

Lützow, Adolf, Freiherr von

(Encyclopedia)Lützow, Adolf, Freiherr von äˈdôlf frīˈhĕr fən lüˈtsō [key], 1782–1834, Prussian officer. He commanded (1813–14) a volunteer corps, the Black Troops (or Black Rifles), in the War of Lib...

Dürrenmatt, Friedrich

(Encyclopedia)Dürrenmatt, Friedrich frēˈdrĭkh dürˈənmät [key], 1921–90, Swiss playwright and novelist. Dürrenmatt's writings depict a world both comic and grotesque. As a young German-speaking playwright...

Wagner, Adolf Heinrich Gotthilf

(Encyclopedia)Wagner, Adolf Heinrich Gotthilf äˈdôlf hīnˈrĭkh gôtˈhĭlf vägˈnər [key], 1835–1917, German economist and socialist, studied at Göttingen and Heidelberg. He taught economics at several un...

Hitler, Adolf

(Encyclopedia)Hitler, Adolf äˈdôlf hĭtˈlər [key], 1889–1945, founder and leader of National Socialism (Nazism), and German dictator, b. Braunau in Upper Austria. By July, 1944, the German military si...

Ebert, Friedrich

(Encyclopedia)Ebert, Friedrich frēˈdrĭkh āˈbərt [key], 1871–1925, first president (1919–25) of the German republic. A Social Democratic deputy in the Reichstag, in 1913 he became party leader, succeeding ...

Krebs, Sir Hans Adolf

(Encyclopedia)Krebs, Sir Hans Adolf krĕbz, krĕps [key], 1900–1981, English biochemist, b. Germany, M.D. Univ. of Hamburg, 1925. He taught at Cambridge and at the Univ. of Sheffield and after 1954 was professor ...

Blumenbach, Johann Friedrich

(Encyclopedia)Blumenbach, Johann Friedrich yōhänˈ frēˈdrĭkh blo͞oˈmənbäkh [key], 1752–1840, German naturalist and anthropologist. He introduced and developed the science of comparative anatomy in German...