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Menzel, Adolph Friedrich Erdmann von

(Encyclopedia)Menzel, Adolph Friedrich Erdmann von äˈdôlf frēˈdrĭkh ĕrtˈmän fən mĕnˈtsəl [key], 1815–1905, German painter and illustrator. Self-taught, Menzel made lithographic illustrations for Goet...

Lichnowsky, Karl Max, Fürst von

(Encyclopedia)Lichnowsky, Karl Max, Fürst von kärl mäks fürst fən lĭkhnôfˈskē [key], 1860–1928, German diplomat, ambassador to London (1912–14). In a privately circulated pamphlet (1916) he asserted th...

Marschall von Bieberstein, Adolf, Baron

(Encyclopedia)Marschall von Bieberstein, Adolf, Baron äˈdôlf märˈshäl fən bēˈbərshtīn [key], 1842–1912, German diplomat. After years in the administrative service of Baden and as a member of its legisl...

Kaunitz, Wenzel Anton, Fürst von

(Encyclopedia)Kaunitz, Wenzel Anton, Fürst von vĕnˈtsəl änˈtôn fürst fən kouˈnĭts [key], 1711–94, Austrian statesman. He distinguished himself as a negotiator of the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748) an...

Hardenberg, Karl August, Fürst von

(Encyclopedia)Hardenberg, Karl August, Fürst von kärl ouˈgo͝ost fürst fən härˈdənbĕrk [key], 1750–1822, Prussian administrator and diplomat, b. Hanover. After service for Hanover and Brunswick, he enter...

Grimmelshausen, Hans Jakob Christoffel von

(Encyclopedia)Grimmelshausen, Hans Jakob Christoffel von häns yäˈkôp krĭsˈtôfəl fən grĭmˈəlshouˌzən [key], 1625–76, German novelist. Impressed into the Thirty Years War at the age of 10, he educated...

Gneisenau, August, Graf Neithardt von

(Encyclopedia)Gneisenau, August, Graf Neithardt von ouˈgo͝ost gräf nītˈhärt fən gənīˈzənou [key], 1760–1831, Prussian field marshal. In the Napoleonic Wars he fought at Jena (1806) and, as a major, won...

Goltz, Colmar, Freiherr von der

(Encyclopedia)Goltz, Colmar, Freiherr von der kôlˈmär frīˈhĕr fən dər gôlts [key], 1843–1916, Prussian field marshal and military historian. A soldier, he served in the Austro-Prussian War (1866) and the...

Flüe, Nicholas von der, Saint

(Encyclopedia)Flüe, Nicholas von der, Saint fən dĕr flüˈə [key], 1417–87, Swiss patriot and folk hero. He was leader of the cantonal forces fighting Austria and counselor for many years to the duke of Saxon...

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