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business cycles

(Encyclopedia)business cycles, fluctuations in economic activity characterized by periods of rising and falling fiscal health. During a business cycle, an economy grows, reaches a peak, and then begins a downturn f...

Haarlem

(Encyclopedia)Haarlem härˈləm [key], city, capital of North Holland prov., W Netherlands, on the Spaarne ...

Neander, Johann August Wilhelm

(Encyclopedia)Neander, Johann August Wilhelm yōˈhän ouˈgo͝ost vĭlˈhĕlm nāänˈdər [key], 1789–1850, German theologian and church historian. Of Jewish parentage, he became a Lutheran (1806), changing his...

Oder

(Encyclopedia)Oder ōˈdər [key], Czech and Pol. Odra, river, 562 mi (904 km) long; the second longest river of Poland. It rises in the E Sudetes, NE Czech Republic, and flows generally NW through SW Poland, then ...

Arndt, Ernst Moritz

(Encyclopedia)Arndt, Ernst Moritz ĕrnst mōˈrĭts ärnt [key], 1769–1860, German poet and historian. An ardent nationalist and opponent of Napoleon I, he was forced to flee to Sweden and Russia because of his p...

Meyer, Conrad Ferdinand

(Encyclopedia)Meyer, Conrad Ferdinand kônˈrät fĕrˈdēnänt mīˈər [key], 1825–98, Swiss poet and novelist. He studied history and art and later turned to literature. He is best known for his historical nov...

Auerbach, Berthold

(Encyclopedia)Auerbach, Berthold bĕrtˈhōlt ouˈərbäkhˌ [key], 1812–82, German novelist. He fought in the Revolution of 1848 and in the Franco-Prussian War. As a result of his Schwarzwälder Dorfgeschichten ...

Telemann, Georg Philipp

(Encyclopedia)Telemann, Georg Philipp gāˈôrk fēˈlĭp tĕlˈəmän [key], 1681–1767, German composer. From 1721 until his death he was director of music for the five major churches in Hamburg. Extremely proli...

Beckenbauer, Franz Anton

(Encyclopedia)Beckenbauer, Franz Anton, 1945–, German soccer player nicknamed der Kaiser. The only person to win the World Cup as both player-captain (1974) and coach (1990), he began his career at 14 on the Baye...

Riemenschneider, Tilman

(Encyclopedia)Riemenschneider, Tilman tĭlˈmän rēˈmənshnīˌdər [key], c.1460–1531, German Renaissance sculptor, who worked in stone and wood. He was in Würzburg by 1483. In 1520 he was made burgomaster, b...