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grille

(Encyclopedia)CE5 Grille grille, in architecture, a system of bars, usually of decorative metalwork, forming an openwork barrier or enclosure. In its usual materials of wrought iron or bronze, it has been favor...

July Revolution

(Encyclopedia)July Revolution, revolt in France in July, 1830, against the government of King Charles X. The attempt of the ultraroyalists under Charles to return to the ancien régime provoked the opposition of th...

Truffaut, François

(Encyclopedia)Truffaut, François fräNswäˈ trüfōˈ [key], 1932–84, French film director and critic. Known in his early 20s as a writer for the influential French film journal Cahiers du Cinéma, he was noted...

Ollivier, Émile

(Encyclopedia)Ollivier, Émile āmēlˈ ôlēvyāˈ [key], 1825–1913, French statesman, a leading figure in the “Liberal Empire” of Napoleon III. Widely known as a brilliant lawyer, he was elected to the legi...

Caro, Sir Anthony Alfred

(Encyclopedia)Caro, Sir Anthony Alfred, 1924–2014, British sculptor, one of the most important and influential modernist sculptors of the late 20th cent. Educated as an engineer (grad. Cambridge, 1944), he studie...

Hämeenlinna

(Encyclopedia)Hämeenlinna hăˈmānlĭnˌnä [key], Swed. Tavastehus, city, capital of Southern Finland pr...

Geffrard, Nicholas Fabre

(Encyclopedia)Geffrard, Nicholas Fabre nēkôläˈ fäˈbrə zhĕfrärˈ [key], 1806–79, president of Haiti (1859–67). He took part (1843) in the revolt against Jean Pierre Boyer and led the insurrection that o...

eau de Cologne

(Encyclopedia)eau de Cologne ō də kəlōnˈ [key], dilute perfume [commonly called cologne in English] introduced c.1709 in Cologne, Germany, by Jean Marie Farina. It was probably a modification of a popular form...

David d'Angers

(Encyclopedia)David d'Angers or Pierre-Jean David dävēdˈ däNzhāˈ; pyĕr-zhäN [key], 1788–1856, French sculptor. His works are numerous and present national figures, often nude, in statues, busts, reliefs, ...

acquired characteristics

(Encyclopedia)acquired characteristics, modifications produced in an individual plant or animal as a result of mutilation, disease, use and disuse, or any distinctly environmental influence. Some examples are docki...