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Ludwig, Christa

(Encyclopedia)Ludwig, Christa lo͞otˈvĭkh [key], 1928–, German mezzo-soprano, b. Berlin. The daughter of opera singers, she debuted (1946) as Prince Orlofsky in Die Fledermaus at the Frankfurt State Opera and ...

Hauer, Josef Matthias

(Encyclopedia)Hauer, Josef Matthias yōˈzĕf mätēäs houˈər [key], 1883–1959, Austrian music theorist and composer. Primarily self-taught, Hauer devised a method of atonal composition that used the 12 tones ...

Ludwig, Otto

(Encyclopedia)Ludwig, Otto lo͞otˈvĭkh [key], 1813–65, German writer. He was one of Germany's first modern realists; although his plots were melodramatic, he sketched accurate and detailed backgrounds. After H...

Richter, Ludwig

(Encyclopedia)Richter, Ludwig rĭkhˈtər [key], 1803–84, German painter, illustrator, and etcher; son and pupil of the engraver Karl Richter (1770–1848). His characteristic paintings combine figure and landsc...

Uhland, Ludwig

(Encyclopedia)Uhland, Ludwig lo͝otˈvĭkh o͞oˈlänt [key], 1787–1862, German poet, leader of the Swabian group. He studied and practiced law at Tübingen, held various official posts, and taught German literat...

Šafařik, Pavel Josef

(Encyclopedia)Šafařik, Pavel Josef päˈvĕl yôˈzĕf shäˈfär-zhēk [key], 1795–1861, Czech philologist and archaeologist; his name is also spelled Schafarik and Schafřík. Šafařik advanced the theory th...

Gumplowicz, Ludwig

(Encyclopedia)Gumplowicz, Ludwig lo͞otˈvĭkh go͝omˈplōvĭch [key], 1838–1909, Austrian sociologist, political scientist, and jurist. From 1897 to 1909 he was a professor at Graz. He held that social developm...

Windthorst, Ludwig

(Encyclopedia)Windthorst, Ludwig lo͝otˈvĭkh vĭntˈhôrst [key], 1812–91, German political leader. As a founder and head of the Catholic Center party, he became the Reichstag's foremost opponent of Chancellor ...

Machar, Josef Svatopluk

(Encyclopedia)Machar, Josef Svatopluk yôˈzĕf sväˈtôplo͝ok mäˈkhär [key], 1854–1942, Czech poet and essayist. A leader of the realist movement in Czech poetry and a master of colloquial Czech, Machar was...

Bican, Josef

(Encyclopedia)Bican, Josef, 1913–2001, Czech soccer player, b. Vienna. A forward with over 800 competitive goals, he is considered by many to be soccer's greatest scorer. Known as “Pepi,” Bican joined Rapid V...