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Spitteler, Carl Friedrich Georg

(Encyclopedia)Spitteler, Carl Friedrich Georg kärl frēˈdrĭkh gāˈôrkh shpĭtˈələr [key], 1845–1924, Swiss poet, whose pseudonym was Carl Felix Tandem. He was awarded the 1919 Nobel Prize in Literature. H...

Hess, Moses

(Encyclopedia)Hess, Moses, 1812–75, German socialist. He was responsible for converting Engels to Communism, and he early introduced Marx to social and economic problems. Hess played a prominent role in transform...

Freytag, Gustav

(Encyclopedia)Freytag, Gustav go͝oˈstäf frīˈtäkh [key], 1816–95, German novelist and playwright. He taught at the Univ. of Breslau and edited the Grenzboten (1848–70). His most successful play, The Journa...

Lange, Friedrich Albert

(Encyclopedia)Lange, Friedrich Albert frēˈdrĭkh älˈbĕrt längˈə [key], 1828–75, German neo-Kantian philosopher. He accepted the materialistic method of investigating phenomena but rejected its concept of ...

Bieler, Manfred

(Encyclopedia)Bieler, Manfred mänˈfrĕt bēˈlər [key], 1934–, German dramatist and novelist. Among Bieler's plays, written for radio, are Die achte Trübsal [the eighth misery] (1960), attacking anti-Semitism...

Ludwig, Otto

(Encyclopedia)Ludwig, Otto lo͞otˈvĭkh [key], 1813–65, German writer. He was one of Germany's first modern realists; although his plots were melodramatic, he sketched accurate and detailed backgrounds. After H...

Chamisso, Adelbert von

(Encyclopedia)Chamisso, Adelbert von (Louis Charles Adelaide de Chamisso) äˈdəlbĕrt fən shəmĭˈsō [key], 1781–1838, German poet and naturalist, b. Château de Boncourt, France. He served as page at the co...

Viebig, Clara

(Encyclopedia)Viebig, Clara kläˈrä fēˈbĭkh [key], 1860–1952, German novelist of the naturalist school. A skillful and sympathetic portrayer of working-class women, she wrote many novels, among them Das Weib...

Raimund, Ferdinand

(Encyclopedia)Raimund, Ferdinand fĕrˈdēnänt rīˈmo͝ont [key], 1790–1836, Austrian actor and dramatist. From 1817 he was a popular comedian in Vienna, and in 1823 he began to produce his own plays. Raimund w...

Dessau, Paul

(Encyclopedia)Dessau, Paul dĕsˈou [key], 1894–1979, German conductor and composer. As a conductor he worked (1919–23) in Cologne before moving to Berlin from 1925 until 1933. A fervent socialist, he left Germ...