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Erhard, Ludwig

(Encyclopedia)Erhard, Ludwig lo͝otˈvĭkh ĕrˈhärt [key], 1897–1977, German political leader and economist. In Nuremberg he rose to be director of the institute for economic research. Dismissed (1942) by the N...

Maximilian, prince of Baden

(Encyclopedia)Maximilian, prince of Baden (Max of Baden), 1867–1929, German statesman, last chancellor of imperial Germany. A liberal, he was made imperial chancellor at the end of World War I as Germany neared d...

Mikoyan, Anastas Ivanovich

(Encyclopedia)Mikoyan, Anastas Ivanovich ənəstäsˈ ēväˈnəvĭch myĭkəyänˈ [key], 1895–1978, Soviet Communist leader. He joined the Communist party in 1915, became a member of the party's central committ...

Minghetti, Marco

(Encyclopedia)Minghetti, Marco märˈkō mēngĕtˈtē [key], 1818–86, Italian political leader. A former papal minister, Minghetti—a liberal conservative—became a supporter of Italian unification as a result...

Meigs, Return Jonathan

(Encyclopedia)Meigs, Return Jonathan mĕgz [key], 1740–1823, American Revolutionary army officer, b. Middletown, Conn. He accompanied Benedict Arnold on the Quebec expedition, where he was taken prisoner and late...

Orlando, Vittorio Emanuele

(Encyclopedia)Orlando, Vittorio Emanuele vēt-tôˈrēō āmänwĕˈlā ōrlänˈdō [key], 1860–1952, Italian statesman and jurist. He held several cabinet posts from 1903 to 1917 and was premier from 1917 to 19...

Mason, John Young

(Encyclopedia)Mason, John Young, 1799–1859, American statesman, b. Greensville co., Va. He studied law under Tapping Reeve at Litchfield, Conn., and was admitted to the Virginia bar in 1819. Mason served in the s...

Massamba-Débat, Alphonse

(Encyclopedia)Massamba-Débat, Alphonse, 1921–77, Congolese politician. A teacher, he became involved in the independence movement. He was elected to the legislative assembly in 1959 and was its president (1959�...

Burns, John

(Encyclopedia)Burns, John, 1858–1943, British union leader and politician. A factory worker as a child, he was largely self-educated and was led by his reading to radical socialism. Burns became an outstanding or...

Butler, Richard Austen

(Encyclopedia)Butler, Richard Austen, 1902–82, British politician. Educated at Cambridge, he entered Parliament in 1929 as a Conservative. As minister of education (1941–45), he piloted through Parliament the E...