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Liu Xiaobo

(Encyclopedia)Liu Xiaobo shyä [key], 1961–, a Chinese poet and artist, often acted as his spokesperson when he was in custody and was subjected to heavy state surveillance. Under house arrest from 2010, she was ...

Arns, Paulo Everisto

(Encyclopedia)Arns, Paulo Everisto, 1921–2016, Brazilian Roman Catholic cardinal and social activist. He joined the Franciscans in 1943, was ordained in 1945, and studied at the Sorbonne (Ph.D. 1946). After teach...

Lacalle Herrera, Luis Alberto

(Encyclopedia)Lacalle Herrera, Luis Alberto, 1941–, Uruguayan political leader, president of Uruguay (1990–95). A lawyer and member of the conservative National (Blanco) party, he worked as a journalist and ser...

Rugova, Ibrahim

(Encyclopedia)Rugova, Ibrahim ēbrähēmˈ ro͞ogōˈvā [key] 1944–2006, ethnic Albanian leader in Kosovo. A scholar and author, he studied at Kosovo's Priština Univ. and the Sorbonne, Paris, and became preside...

Bánzer Suárez, Hugo

(Encyclopedia)Bánzer Suárez, Hugo o͞oˈgō bänˈsĕr swäˈrĕs [key], 1926–2002, Bolivian military and political leader, president of Bolivia (1971–78; 1997–2001). Educated at military schools in Bolivia...

Sata, Michael Chilufya

(Encyclopedia)Sata, Michael Chilufya, 1937–2014, Zambian politician. Sata was a policeman, railway worker, and trade unionist before entering politics in 1963, and was later (1985) elected governor of Lusaka prov...

Tshisekedi, Étienne

(Encyclopedia)Tshisekedi, Étienne (Étienne Tshisekedi wa Lumumba), 1932–2017, opposition leader in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. He entered government service in the 1960s and helped draft the Congolese...

Aramburu, Pedro Eugenio

(Encyclopedia)Aramburu, Pedro Eugenio pāˈthrō āo͞ohāˈnyō ärämbo͞oˈro͞o [key], 1903–70, president of Argentina (1955–58). An army general, he participated in the overthrow of Juan Perón in Sept., 1...

Karamanlis, Costas

(Encyclopedia)Karamanlis, Costas (Konstantinos Alexandrou Karamanlis) kōˈstäs kärämänlēsˈ, kōnstäntēˈnōs älĕkˈsänᵺo͞o [key], 1956–, Greek politician, b. Athens. The nephew of Constantine Karam...

Batlle Ibáñez, Jorge Luis

(Encyclopedia)Batlle Ibáñez, Jorge Luis, 1927–2016, Uruguayan political leader, lawyer, and journalist, president of Uruguay (2000–2005). He was a member of the Colorado party, founded by his great uncle, Jos...