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Erhard, Ludwig

(Encyclopedia)Erhard, Ludwig lo͝otˈvĭkh ĕrˈhärt [key], 1897–1977, German political leader and economist. In Nuremberg he rose to be director of the institute for economic research. Dismissed (1942) by the N...

Echegaray, José

(Encyclopedia)Echegaray, José hōsāˈ āchāgärīˈ [key], 1832–1916, Spanish dramatist, mathematician, physicist, economist, and politician. He taught science, practiced engineering, and devoted his later lif...

Coase, Ronald Harry

(Encyclopedia)Coase, Ronald Harry kōz [key], 1910–2013, British economist, b. London, Ph.D. Univ. of London, 1951. He was raised and educated in England before coming to the United States, where he was a profess...

Schäffle, Albert

(Encyclopedia)Schäffle, Albert älˈbĕrt shĕfˈlə [key], 1831–1903, German economist and sociologist. He taught economics at the universities of Tübingen and Vienna. His views were based partly on the ideali...

Schlesinger, James Rodney

(Encyclopedia)Schlesinger, James Rodney, 1929–2014, U.S. secretary of defense (1973–75) and secretary of energy (1977–79), b. New York City. After graduating from Harvard (A.B., 1950; A.M., 1952; Ph.D., 1956)...

Tindemans, Leo

(Encyclopedia)Tindemans, Leo (Leonard Clemence Tindemans), 1922–2014, Belgian stateman. He studied economics at the universities of Antwerp and Ghent, and in 1958 became head of the Flemish Christian Democrats. F...

Toynbee, Arnold

(Encyclopedia)Toynbee, Arnold toinˈbē [key], 1852–83, English economic historian, philosopher, and reformer. After his graduation in 1878 he was a tutor at Balliol College, Oxford, and was active in reform work...

Renner, Karl

(Encyclopedia)Renner, Karl kärl rĕnˈər [key], 1870–1950, Austrian socialist politician. A deputy after 1907, Renner became, following the abdication (Nov., 1918) of Emperor Charles I, the head of the provisio...

Yayi, Thomas Boni

(Encyclopedia)Yayi, Thomas Boni, 1952–, Beninois political leader, president of Benin (2006–16), b. Tchaourou. He studied at the National Univ. of Benin, in Senegal at Cheikh Anta Diop Univ., and in France at t...

Taylor, Graham

(Encyclopedia)Taylor, Graham, 1851–1938, American social worker and clergyman, b. Schenectady, N.Y., grad. Rutgers, 1870. Ordained as a minister in the Dutch Reformed Church, he served in several pastorates, beco...