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Communist party, in the United States

(Encyclopedia)Communist party, in the United States, political party that espoused the Marxist-Leninist principles of communism. In 1945, Browder's policy was attacked as being one of the “right deviationism,�...

Halberstam, David

(Encyclopedia)Halberstam, David, 1934–2007, American journalist and author, b. New York City, grad. Harvard (B.A., 1955). A reporter (1956–60) for newspapers in Mississippi and Tennessee, he chronicled the nasc...

International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons

(Encyclopedia)International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (ICAN), coalition of nongovernmental organizations that was formed in 2007 to advocate for the banning of nuclear weapons. It is based in Geneva, Swit...

Wilkins, Roy

(Encyclopedia)Wilkins, Roy, 1901–81, American social reformer and civil-rights leader, b. St. Louis, Mo.; grad. Univ. of Minnesota (B.A., 1923). While a student, Wilkins served as secretary of the local chapter o...

Hesburgh, Theodore Martin

(Encyclopedia)Hesburgh, Theodore Martin, 1917–2015, American educator and civil rights advocate, b. Syracuse, N.Y., grad. Pontifical Gregorian Univ. (1939), Catholic Univ. of America (Ph.D., 1945). A member of th...

Congress of Racial Equality

(Encyclopedia)Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), civil-rights organization founded (1942) in Chicago by James Farmer. Dedicated to the use of nonviolent direct action, CORE initially sought to promote better race ...

Ginsburg, Ruth Bader

(Encyclopedia)Ginsburg, Ruth Bader, 1933–2020, associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court (1993–2020), b. Brooklyn, N.Y., as Joan Ruth Bader. A graduate (1954) of Cornell, she attended Harvard Law School, then...

liberty, in political science

(Encyclopedia)liberty, term used to describe various types of individual freedom, such as religious liberty, political liberty, freedom of speech, right of self-defense, and others. It is also used as a general ter...

Linlithgow, Victor Alexander John Hope, 2d marquess of

(Encyclopedia)Linlithgow, Victor Alexander John Hope, 2d marquess of lĭnlĭthˈgō [key], 1887–1952, British statesman, viceroy of India. Linlithgow was civil lord of the admiralty (1922–24) and held numerous ...

Worms, Concordat of

(Encyclopedia)Worms, Concordat of, 1122, agreement reached by Pope Calixtus II and Holy Roman Emperor Henry V to put an end to the struggle over investiture. By its terms the emperor guaranteed free election of bis...