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Spencer, Anna Garlin

(Encyclopedia)Spencer, Anna Garlin, 1851–1931, American educator, feminist, and Unitarian minister, b. Attleboro, Mass. She married the Rev. William H. Spencer in 1878. She was a leader in the woman-suffrage and ...

Commons, John Rogers

(Encyclopedia)Commons, John Rogers, 1862–1945, American economist, b. Hollansburg, Ohio, grad. Oberlin, 1888. Influenced by the other social sciences, Commons tried to broaden the scope of economics, especially i...

Collier, John

(Encyclopedia)Collier, John, 1884–1968, American social worker, anthropologist, and author, educated at Columbia and the Collège de France. After holding several positions in community organization and social wo...

anomie

(Encyclopedia)anomie, a social condition characterized by instability, the breakdown of social norms, institutional disorganization, and a divorce between socially valid goals and available means for achieving them...

Leach, Edmund Ronald

(Encyclopedia)Leach, Edmund Ronald, 1910–89, British anthropologist, grad. Cambridge (B.A., 1932; M.A., 1938) and Univ. of London (Ph.D., 1947). He was (1957–72) university reader in social anthropology at Camb...

Baunsgård, Hilmar

(Encyclopedia)Baunsgård, Hilmar hĭlˈmər bounsˈgôr [key], 1920–90. Danish politician. A businessman, he was president of the youth organization of the Social-Liberal party (1948–50) and a member of the exe...

Troelstra, Pieter Jelles

(Encyclopedia)Troelstra, Pieter Jelles pēˈtər yĕlˈĕs tro͞olˈsträ [key], 1860–1930, Dutch Socialist. In 1893 he founded what later became the Sociaaldemocrata, the official Socialist paper, and in 1900 he...

Durkheim, Émile

(Encyclopedia)Durkheim, Émile dûrkˈhīm, Fr. āmēlˈ dürkĕmˈ [key], 1858–1917, French sociologist. Along with Max Weber he is considered one of the chief founders of modern sociology. Educated in France an...

Fourier, Charles

(Encyclopedia)Fourier, Charles shärl fo͞oryāˈ [key], 1772–1837, French social philosopher. From a bourgeois family, he condemned existing institutions and evolved a kind of utopian socialism. In Théorie des ...

Niebuhr, Reinhold

(Encyclopedia)Niebuhr, Reinhold rīnˈhōld nēˈbo͝or [key], 1892–1971, American religious and social thinker, b. Wright City, Mo. A graduate of Yale Divinity School, he served (1915–28) as pastor of Bethel E...