(Encyclopedia) Chertoff, Michael, 1953–, U.S. government official, b. Elizabeth, N.J., grad. Harvard (B.A., 1975, J.D., 1978). A lawyer, Chertoff was an assistant federal prosecutor in New York (1983…
(Encyclopedia) Helms, Richard McGarrah, 1913–2002, U.S. government official, b. St. Davids, Pa. In 1942, Helms joined the U.S. navy where he engaged in intelligence work for the Office of Strategic…
(Encyclopedia) Goes, Hugo van derGoes, Hugo van derh&oomacr;ˈgō vän dĕr g&oomacr;s [key], d.1482, Flemish painter. Probably born in Ghent, he was a member of the painters' guild there in 1467…
(Encyclopedia) Giers, Nikolai KarlovichGiers, Nikolai Karlovichnyĭkəlīˈ kärˈləvĭch gēyĕrsˈ [key], 1820–95, Russian statesman. Appointed deputy foreign minister in 1875, he increasingly took over the…
(Encyclopedia) Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), specialized agency of the United Nations, established in 1945. Its headquarters is in Rome, and it has a number of regional, subregional, and…
(Encyclopedia) Mussadegh, MuhammadMussadegh, Muhammadm&oomacr;hämˈmäd m&oomacr;ˈsädāg [key], 1880–1967, Iranian political leader, prime minister of Iran (1951–53). He held a variety of…
(Encyclopedia) Auriol, VincentAuriol, VincentvăNsäNˈ ôryôlˈ [key], 1884–1966, French statesman, first president (1947–54) of the Fourth Republic. A Socialist deputy after 1914, he was finance…
(Encyclopedia) mandalamandalamŭnˈdələ [key], [Skt.,=circular, round] a concentric diagram having spiritual and ritual significance in Hindu and Buddhist Tantrism. The mandala may have derived from…
(Encyclopedia) Astor, Nancy Witcher (Langhorne) Astor, Viscountess, 1879–1964, British politician, b. Virginia. She was first married to Robert Gould Shaw, and after her divorce (1903) from him she…
