(Encyclopedia) Thirty Years War, 1618–48, general European war fought mainly in Germany.
The general results of the war may be said to have been a tremendous decrease in German population;…
(Encyclopedia) Leopold II, 1797–1870, grand duke of Tuscany (1824–59). Liberally inclined at first, he granted some reforms and undertook public works. In 1848 he approved a constitution and joined…
(Encyclopedia) Verona, Congress of, 1822, at Verona, Italy, the last European conference held under the provisions of the Quadruple Alliance of 1814. The main problem discussed was the revolution in…
(Encyclopedia) Alfonso XI, 1311–50, Spanish king of Castile and León (1312–50), son and successor of Ferdinand IV. His vigorous campaign against Granada provoked an invasion by the Moors from Morocco…
(Encyclopedia) Álvarez, José (José Álvarez de Pereira y Cubero)Álvarez, Joséhōsāˈ älˈvärĕth dā pārāˈrä ē k&oomacr;bāˈrō [key], 1768–1827, Spanish neoclassical sculptor. He was a follower of…
(Encyclopedia) Oncken, HermannOncken, Hermannhĕrˈmän ôngˈkən [key], 1869–1946, German historian. He taught at the universities of Heidelberg, Munich, Chicago, and (1928–35) Berlin. He was forced to…
(Encyclopedia) Flémal, BertholetFlémal, Bertholetbĕrtōlĕˈ flāmälˈ [key], 1614–75, Flemish painter of mythological and religious subjects. He went to Italy in 1638 and worked in Florence for the Grand…
(Encyclopedia) Piloty, Karl vonPiloty, Karl vonkärl fən pēlōˈtē [key], 1826–86, German historical painter; son of Ferdinand Piloty (1786–1844), a noted German lithographer. Karl first won recognition…
(Encyclopedia) Wrangell Mountains, S Alaska, extending c.100 mi (160 km) SE from the Copper River to the Canadian border, where they meet the St. Elias Mts. Mt. Blackburn (16,523 ft/5,036 m) is the…
(Encyclopedia) Godoy, Manuel deGodoy, Manuel demänwĕlˈ dā gōᵺoiˈ [key], 1767–1851, Spanish statesman. An army officer, he won the favor of Queen María Luisa and rose rapidly at the court of Charles…
