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Confederation of the Rhine

(Encyclopedia) Confederation of the Rhine, league of German states formed by Emperor Napoleon I in 1806 after his defeat of the Austrians at Austerlitz. Among its members were the newly created…

Catherine I

(Encyclopedia) Catherine I, 1683?–1727, czarina of Russia (1725–27). Of Livonian peasant origin, Martha Skavronskaya was a domestic when she was captured (1702) by Russian soldiers. As mistress of…

1964 Grammy Awards

Record of the Year“The Girl From Ipanema,” Stan Getz and Astrud GilbertoAlbum of the YearGetz/Gilberto, Stan Getz and Joao Gilberto (Verve)Song of the Year“Hello, Dolly!,” Jerry Herman,…

1965 Grammy Awards

Record of the Year“A Taste of Honey,” Herb Alpert and the Tijuana BrassAlbum of the YearSeptember of My Years, Frank Sinatra (Reprise)Song of the Year“The Shadow of Your Smile” (Love Theme From The…

Menshikov, Aleksandr Danilovich, Prince

(Encyclopedia) Menshikov, Aleksandr Danilovich, PrinceMenshikov, Aleksandr Danilovich, Princeəlyĭksänˈdər dənyēˈləvĭch mĕnˈshĭkəf [key], 1672?–1729, Russian field marshal and statesman. Of lowly…

Jacobi, Friedrich Heinrich

(Encyclopedia) Jacobi, Friedrich Heinrich, 1743–1819, German philosopher. Although educated for commerce, he early gave up business and became in 1770 a member of the council for the duchies of Berg…

Notable Filmmakers and Directors

Spike Lee See also Actors African-American Actors Asian American Film & Television Personalities Hispanic-American Film, Television, and Theater Personalities Women Stage and…

Gordon, Patrick

(Encyclopedia) Gordon, Patrick, 1635–99, Scottish soldier of fortune and Russian general, b. Scotland. After serving alternately on both sides in the war between Sweden and Poland (1655–60), he…

Apraksin, Feodor Matveyevich

(Encyclopedia) Apraksin, Feodor MatveyevichApraksin, Feodor Matveyevichfyôˈdər mətvyāˈəvĭch əpräkˈsyĭn [key], 1671–1728, Russian admiral. He helped Peter I (Peter the Great) create the Russian navy…

Henry II, Spanish king of Castile and León

(Encyclopedia) Henry II or Henry of TrastámaraHenry IItrăstəmărˈə [key], 1333?–1379, Spanish king of Castile and León (1369–79), illegitimate son of Alfonso XI. After taking part in several…