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Calonne, Charles Alexandre de

(Encyclopedia)Calonne, Charles Alexandre de shärl älĕksäNˈdrə də kälōnˈ [key], 1734–1802, French statesman, controller general of finances (1783–87). Faced with a huge public debt and a steadily deter...

Herculano de Carvalho e Araújo, Alexandre

(Encyclopedia)Herculano de Carvalho e Araújo, Alexandre əlēshäNˈdrə ərko͞oläˈno͝o ᵺĭ kərväˈlyo͝o ĕ ərouˈzho͝o [key], 1810–77, Portuguese historian. One of the outstanding thinkers of his tim...

Macdonald, Jacques Étienne Joseph Alexandre

(Encyclopedia)Macdonald, Jacques Étienne Joseph Alexandre zhäk ātyĕnˈzhôzĕfˈ älĕksäNˈdrə mäkdônälˈ [key], 1765–1840, marshal of France, of Scottish descent. He distinguished himself in the French...

Ledru-Rollin, Alexandre Auguste

(Encyclopedia)Ledru-Rollin, Alexandre Auguste älĕksäNˈdrə ôgüstˈ lədrüˈ-rôlăNˈ [key], 1807–74, French politician. A lawyer, he first became known as a radical opponent to the accession (1830) of Lou...

Galliffet, Gaston Alexandre Auguste, marquis de

(Encyclopedia)Galliffet, Gaston Alexandre Auguste, marquis de gästôNˈ älĕksäNˈdrə ōgüstˈ märkēˈ də gälēfāˈ [key], 1830–1909, French general. He served in the Crimean War, in colonial campaigns,...

Walewski, Alexandre Florian Joseph Colonna, Comte

(Encyclopedia)Walewski, Alexandre Florian Joseph Colonna, Comte älĕksäNˈdrə flôryäNˈ zhôzĕfˈ kôlônäˈ kôNt välĕfskēˈ [key], 1810–68, French diplomat, b. Poland; illegitimate son of Maria Walews...

D'Indy, Vincent

(Encyclopedia)D'Indy, Vincent văNsäNˈ dăNdēˈ [key], 1851–1931, French composer. D'Indy was a pupil of César Franck. In 1894, Charles Bordes, Guilmant, and d'Indy founded the Schola Cantorum, Paris, of whic...

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