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John IV, king of Portugal

(Encyclopedia)John IV, 1604–56, king of Portugal (1640–56). He succeeded as duke of Braganza in 1630. Descended from Manuel I and in illegitimate line from John I, he had the strongest claim to the Portuguese t...

Jülich, former duchy, Germany

(Encyclopedia)Jülich yüˈlĭkh [key], former duchy, Germany, between Cologne and Aachen. At first a county, Jülich was raised to a duchy in 1356, and in 1423 it was united with the county of Berg. After the exti...

Wilhelmshaven

(Encyclopedia)Wilhelmshaven vĭlˌhĕlms-häˈfən [key], city (1994 pop. 91,680), Lower Saxony, NW Germany, on Jade Bay, an inlet of the North Sea. It is a major oil port and an industrial center. Manufactures inc...

Xining

(Encyclopedia)Xining or Sining both: shēˈnĭngˈ [key], city (1994 est. pop. 569,800), capital of Qinghai prov., W China, on the Xining River. For centuries it has been the major commercial hub on the caravan rou...

Wadi Halfa

(Encyclopedia)Wadi Halfa wäˈdē hălˈfə [key], town, N Sudan, on Lake Nubia (Lake Nasser). It is the terminus of a railroad from Khartoum and is the point at which cotton, wheat, livestock, and other goods are ...

Caria

(Encyclopedia)Caria kâˈrēə [key], ancient region of SW Asia Minor, S of the Maeander River, which separated it from Lydia. The territory is in present SW Asian Turkey. The Carians were probably a native people,...

Ahmad Shah

(Encyclopedia)Ahmad Shah äkhmädˈ shäˈ [key], c.1723–1773, Afghan ruler (1747–73), founder of the Durani dynasty. His success in commanding Afghan forces in India for Nadir Shah of Iran won him the rule of ...

Carson City

(Encyclopedia)Carson City, city (2020 pop. 58,639), state capital, W Nev., in the Eagle valley; inc. 1875. The city is a trade center for a mining and agricultural ar...

Bidasoa

(Encyclopedia)Bidasoa bēˈdäsōä, Span. bēᵺäsōˈä [key] or Bidassoa, river, 35 mi (56 km) long, Basque Country, N Spain, and Pyrénées Atlantiques dept., SW France. The river rises in Spain on the souther...

Adrian I, pope

(Encyclopedia)Adrian I, d. 795, pope (772–95), a Roman; successor of Stephen IV. At Adrian's urging, Charlemagne crossed the Alps and defeated the Lombard king, Desiderius, who had annexed papal territory. That d...